{"id":13764,"date":"2013-06-04T21:14:00","date_gmt":"2013-06-05T02:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.catholiconnection.com\/2013\/06\/evolution-of-science-in-200-words.html"},"modified":"2013-06-04T21:14:00","modified_gmt":"2013-06-05T02:14:00","slug":"evolution-of-science-in-200-words","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/evolution-of-science-in-200-words\/","title":{"rendered":"Evolution of Science in 200 Words"},"content":{"rendered":"<div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\">\n<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both;text-align: left\">The word science has a different meaning today than it did 100, 500 and 2500 years ago where in each<\/div>\n<p>case an alternative meaning for the word has become primary.<\/p>\n<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both;text-align: left\"><\/div>\n<p><a style=\"clear: right;float: right;margin-bottom: 1em;margin-left: 1em\" href=\"http:\/\/24.media.tumblr.com\/tumblr_mco1hn3UXk1r1fpe3o1_400.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/24.media.tumblr.com\/tumblr_mco1hn3UXk1r1fpe3o1_400.jpg\" width=\"222\" height=\"320\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a>The greeks found philosophy circa 500 BC using the word\u00a0<b><span style=\"background-color: white;line-height: 16px\"><span style=\"font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif\">\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\/episteme (Greek)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/b>defined:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white;line-height: 19.1875px\">Knowledge. <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Justified_true_belief\">(any justified true belief)<\/a>. \u00a0<\/span><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;line-height: 19.1875px\">(1) logically includes <\/span><span style=\"font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif\"><span style=\"line-height: 19.1875px\">the body of empirically verified knowledge and a\u00a0separate\u00a0definition is not needed.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The\u00a0Renaissance\u00a0adds a secondary meaning in academia circa 1500 BC) defining\u00a0<b>scientia (Latin)<\/b> as:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Knowledge. <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Justified_true_belief\">(any justified true belief)<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>The body of empirically verified knowledge.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Today the effort and focus is on gaining useful knowle<span style=\"font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif\">dge (called\u00a0<i style=\"background-color: white;line-height: 19.1875px\"><a class=\"extiw\" style=\"color: #663366\" title=\"wikt:\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7\">\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7<\/a><\/i><span style=\"background-color: white;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0in a<\/span><span style=\"background-color: white;line-height: 19.1875px\">ncient Greece)<\/span>\u00a0and we understand <b>science<\/b> to mean:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The body of empirically verified knowledge.<\/li>\n<li>Reason itself is being proposed as a synonym to science <span style=\"font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif\">(<a style=\"color: #1122cc;cursor: pointer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=6&amp;ved=0CFoQFjAF&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richarddawkins.net%2F&amp;ei=RliuUbg-gYzKAZTogeAE&amp;usg=AFQjCNHHDscY5--LldnRqY_XXmH6ogqodg&amp;sig2=KaUeVZa0Rw9GKzmgbHQ2dw&amp;bvm=bv.47244034,d.aWc\"><span style=\"color: #1122cc\"><span style=\"cursor: pointer\">Richard Dawkins Foundation for\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"cursor: pointer;font-weight: bold\">Reason<\/span><span style=\"color: #1122cc\"><span style=\"cursor: pointer\">\u00a0&amp;\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span style=\"cursor: pointer;font-weight: bold\">Science<\/span><\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;color: #222222\">)<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div>Today, knowledge in general (the concept of any justified true belief) is an uncommon concept relegated to philosophy, a subject that used to be synonymous with science but is now no longer required at any level of education, whereas modern empirical science training begins in 2nd grade. &#8220;Any justified true belief&#8221; that is not verified empirically is usually concentrated in a lobe of the brain.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p>Sounds like a word hijacking to me. The same is currently happening with the word &#8216;reason&#8217;. For this &#8216;reason&#8217;, on this blog I will use the terms &#8220;classical science&#8221; to describe knowledge in general and &#8220;empirical method of science&#8221; to describe what most of us know as &#8216;science&#8217;.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<table class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;text-align: center\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\"><a style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto\" href=\"http:\/\/www.catholiconnection.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/blogger\/-JzRI5LfLqd0\/Ua4mIa2Rb4I\/AAAAAAADfr0\/_rHq6L9eoeo\/s1600\/179713_320426088088080_2023250286_n.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.catholiconnection.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/blogger\/-JzRI5LfLqd0\/Ua4mIa2Rb4I\/AAAAAAADfr0\/_rHq6L9eoeo\/s640\/179713_320426088088080_2023250286_n.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"301\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center\">Do you think Aquinas means empirical science above?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Now you ask why is this important? It is important because it is simply not true that all knowledge comes through one formulation or another of &#8220;the empirical method of science&#8221;. Those that claim it does contradict themselves because they have not come to that insight by the very means they propose.<\/p>\n<div>Take Wikipedia&#8217;s word for it, if you believe in that consensus way of doing things:<\/div>\n<blockquote class=\"tr_bq\"><p><b style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">Science<\/b><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0(from\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Latin language\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_language\">Latin<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">scientia<\/i><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">, meaning &#8220;knowledge&#8221;<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_1-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;line-height: 1em\"><a style=\"color: #0b0080;text-decoration: none\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">) is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Knowledge\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knowledge\">knowledge<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Universe\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universe\">universe<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">.<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-wilson_2-0\" class=\"reference\" style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;line-height: 1em\"><a style=\"color: #0b0080;text-decoration: none\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science#cite_note-wilson-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\" style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;line-height: 1em\"><a style=\"color: #0b0080;text-decoration: none\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science#cite_note-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0In an older and closely related meaning, &#8220;science&#8221; also refers to a body of knowledge itself, of the type that can be rationally explained and reliably applied. Since\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Classical antiquity\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classical_antiquity\">classical antiquity<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">, science as a type of knowledge has been closely linked to\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Philosophy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophy\">philosophy<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">. In the\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Early modern period\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_modern_period\">early modern period<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0the words &#8220;science&#8221; and &#8220;philosophy&#8221; were sometimes used interchangeably.<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-4\" class=\"reference\" style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;line-height: 1em\"><a style=\"color: #0b0080;text-decoration: none\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science#cite_note-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0By the 17th century,\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Natural philosophy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_philosophy\">natural philosophy<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0(which is today called &#8220;<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Natural science\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natural_science\">natural science<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">&#8220;) was considered a separate branch of\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Philosophy\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophy\">philosophy<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">.<\/span><sup id=\"cite_ref-5\" class=\"reference\" style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;line-height: 1em\"><a style=\"color: #0b0080;text-decoration: none\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science#cite_note-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0However, &#8220;science&#8221; continued to be used in a broad sense denoting reliable knowledge about a topic, in the same way it is still used in modern terms such as\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Library science\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Library_science\">library science<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">\u00a0or\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"background-color: white;color: #0b0080;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px;text-decoration: none\" title=\"Political science\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_science\">political science<\/a><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: sans-serif;font-size: 13px;line-height: 19.1875px\">.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The word science has a different meaning today than it did 100, 500 and 2500 years ago where in each case an alternative meaning for the word has become primary. The greeks found philosophy circa 500 BC using the word\u00a0\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\/episteme (Greek)\u00a0defined: Knowledge. (any justified true belief). \u00a0 (1) logically includes the body of empirically verified [&#8230;]\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14750,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[72,316,41,10,7],"class_list":["post-13764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-philosophy","tag-science","tag-greece","tag-new","tag-philosophy","tag-thomas-aquinas"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13764"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13764\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jonhaines.com\/philosophy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}