QUAESTIONES QUODLIBETALES
Miscellaneous Questions

QUODLIBET I: About God, both with regard to divine nature and the human nature assumed tr. Sandra Edwards, Quodlibetal Questions 1 and 2. Mediaeval Sources in Translation, 27. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1983.

Question 1: The divine nature Article: Whether the blessed Benedict saw the divine essence in the vision in which he saw the whole world?

Question 2: Concerning the human nature in Christ Article 1: Whether there is one sonship in Christ by which he is related to he Father and his mother, or two? Article 2: Whether Christ was dead on the cross?

Question 3: About angels Article 1: Whether an angel depends on a corporeal place according to its essence or is it in a corporeal place according to its action only? Article 2: Whether an angel can move from one place to another without passing through an intermediate place?

Question 4: About man Article 1: Whether when the soul arrives at the body all the forms which inhered in the body before, both substantial and accidental ones, are destroyed? Article 2: Whether a man without grace can prepare himself for grace? Article 3: Whether man in the state of innocence loved God above all things?

Question 5: Concerning contrition Article: Whether a contrite person ought to prefer being in hell to sinning?

Question 6: About confession Article 1: Whether it is sufficient for someone to confess by writing, or is it necessary for him to confess by spoken word? Article 2: Whether someone is bound to confess immediately when there is opportunity or can he wait until Lent? Article 3: Whether a parish priest ought to believe his subject when he says he confessed to another priest and give him the Eucharist?

Question 7: Concerning these matters which pertain to clerics: Article 1: Whether one who has prebends in two churches ought to recite both offices on the day on which diverse offices are performed in each church? Article 2: Whether someone is bound to give up the study of theology, even if he is suited to teaching others, in order to devote himself to the salvation of souls?

Question 8: Concerning those matters which pertain to religious: Article 1: Whether a religious is bound to obey his prelate so as to reveal to him a secret which was committed to his trust? Article 2: Whether he is bound to obey him so as to reveal a hidden fault of a brother which he knows?

Question 9: Pertaining to sin Article 1: Whether sin is some sort of nature? Article 2: Whether perjury is a more serious sin than homicide? Article 3: Whether a person sins who out of ignorance does not observe a papal constitution? Article 4: Whether a monk sins mortally in eating meat?

Question 10: Then with regard to the good in the order of glory two questions were asked about glorified bodies Article 1: Whether a glorified body can exist naturally in the same place with another non-glorified body? Article 2: Whether this can be accomplished miraculously?

QUODLIBET II: Concerning Christ, angels, and men. tr. Sandra Edwards, Quodlibetal Questions 1 and 2. Mediaeval Sources in Translation, 27. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1983.

Question 1: Concerning Christ, two questions were asked about his passion: Article 1: Whether he was numerically the same man during the three days of death? Article 2: Whether any suffering of Christ would have sufficed for the redemption of mankind without death?

Question 2: Then questions were asked about angels: first as to their composition, second as to the time of their motion. Article 1: Whether an angel is a composite of essence and being (esse) in the manner of a substance? Article 2: Whether supposit and nature are diverse in an angel?

Question 3: Then it was asked about the time through which God moves a spiritual creature, according to Augustine. Article: Whether the time which moves a spiritual creature and the time which measures a temporal creature are the same?

Question 4: Concerning man: first as to the virtues, second as to sins, third as to punishments. Concerning the virtues, however, questions were asked both in relation to divine matters and human matters. With regard to virtues in relation to divine matters: Article 1: Concerning faith, whether someone would be bound to believe a Christ who did not perform visible miracles? Article 2: Concerning the sacrament of faith, whether the children of Jews are to be baptized when their parents are unwilling? Article 3: Concerning tithes which are owed to ministers of the sacraments, whether someone can be excused from paying tithes because of a custom?

Question 5: Concerning these things which pertain to the virtues in relation to human affairs Article 1: Whether a child is bound to obey his parents of the flesh in indifferent matters? Article 2: Whether a seller is bound to tell a buyer a defect in an item sold?

Question 6: About sins Article 1: Whether it is a sin to seek a ruling office? Article 2: Whether it is a sin for a preacher to have his eye on temporal matters?

Question 7: Concerning punishments themselves Article 1: Whether a separated soul can be acted upon by corporeal fire? Article 2: Whether one of two individuals worthy of the same punishment lingers longer in Purgatory than the other?

Question 8: Concerning the forgiveness of sins Article 1: Whether a sin against the Holy Spirit is unforgiveable? Article 2: Whether a crusader who dies before he can take the journey across the sea has full forgiveness of sins?

QUOTLIBETS III-XII: not yet translated, except for following excerpts: Freddoso, Alfred J., trans. Quodlibet Question 3.4.2 and Question 5.6.1. West, Jason Lewis Andrew, trans. Quodlibet Question 9.2.1[2] and Question 9.2.2[3]. Eileen Sweeney and Sandra Edwards are said to be preparing a translation: Quodlibets. Thomas Aquinas in Translation. Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press.

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Quaesitum est de Deo, Angelo et homine. De Deo quaesitum est et quantum ad divinam naturam et quantum ad naturam humanam assumptam.	QUOLDLIBET I: The question that has been asked is about God, both with regard to divine nature and the human nature assumed.
Quantum ad divinam naturam quaesitum est:	Question 1: The divine nature
utrum beatus Benedictus in visione qua vidit totum mundum, divinam essentiam viderit	Article: Whether the blessed Benedict saw the divine essence in the vision in which he saw the whole world?
Et ostendebatur quod sic.	And it was shown that he did.
Dicit enim Gregorius, II dialogorum, de hac visione loquens: animae videnti Deum angusta fit omnis creatura. Sed videre Deum est videre divinam essentiam. Ergo beatus Benedictus vidit divinam essentiam.	1. For Gregory says in Dialogorum 2 where he speaks of this vision, that "All creation becomes insignificant for a soul that sees the Creator."But to see God is to see the divine essence. Therefore, the I blessed Benedict saw the divine essence.
Praeterea, ibidem subdit Gregorius, quod totum mundum vidit in divino lumine. Sed non est aliud lumen vel claritas Dei quam ipse Deus, ut idem Gregorius dicit, et habetur in Glossa 3, Exod. XXXIII, 20, super illud: non videbit me homo et vivet. Ergo beatus Benedictus vidit Deum per essentiam.	2. Further. Gregory adds in the same place that "He saw the whole world in the divine light." But there is no other light or radiance of God than God himself, as Gregory says and as the Glossa on Exodus 33:20, "No man will see me and live," says. Therefore, the blessed Benedict saw God through the divine essence.
Sed contra, est quod dicitur Io. I, 18: nemo Deum vidit unquam; ubi dicit Glossa, quod nullus in mortali carne vivens, Dei essentiam videre potest.	But to the contrary: John 1:18 says, "No man has seen God at any time." The Glossa says on this that "No one living in mortal flesh can see God's essence.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod corpus corruptibile aggravat animam, ut dicitur Sapient. cap. IX, 15. Summa autem elevatio mentis humanae est ut ad divinam essentiam videndam pertingat. Unde impossibile est ut mens humana corpori unita Dei essentiam videat, ut Augustinus dicit, XII super Genes. ad litteram, nisi huic vitae mortali funditus homo intereat, vel sic alienetur a sensibus, ut nesciat utrum sit in corpore an extra corpus, sicut de Paulo legitur II ad Corinth., cap. XII, 3. Beatus autem Benedictus, quando illam visionem vidit, nec huic vitae funditus mortuus erat, nec a corporeis sensibus alienatus; quod patet per hoc quod dum adhuc in eadem visione persisteret, alium ad idem videndum advocavit, ut idem Gregorius refert. Unde manifestum est quod Dei essentiam non vidit.	I answer: it must be said that, according to Wisdom 9:15, “A perishable body weighs the soul down.” However, the highest elevation of the human mind is the attainment of a vision of the divine essence. So it is impossible for a human mind united to a body to see God’s essence unless, Super Genesim ad literam, a man is entirely dead to this mortal life or is so separated from his senses that he does not know whether he is in or outside his body, as we read concerning Paul in 2 Cor 12:3. However, when he had that vision the blessed Benedict was neither entirely dead to this life nor separated from his bodily senses, which is clear from the fact that while remaining in the same vision he summoned another person to see the same thing, as Gregory relates. So it is clear that he did not see God’s essence.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod Gregorius ex quadam proportione argumentari intendit in verbis illis. Si enim videntes Dei essentiam, in eius comparatione totam creaturam reputant parvum quid ad videndum, non est mirum si beatus Benedictus per lumen divinum aliquid amplius videre potuit quam homines communiter videant.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that Gregory means in those words to argue from a kind of proportion. For if the ones who see God’s essence reckon all creation insignificant in comparison, it is not astonishing if the blessed Benedict could see something more through the divine light than men commonly see.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod lumen Dei quandoque dicitur ipse Deus, quandoque vero aliud lumen derivatum ab ipso, secundum illud Psal. XXXV, 10: in lumine tuo videbimus lumen. Hic autem accipitur pro lumine derivato a Deo.	To the second it must be said that sometimes God himself is called the light of God, sometimes another light derived from God is called this, according to Psalm 36 (35):9: “In your light we shall see the light.” Here, however, it means the light derived from God.

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Deinde quaerebantur duo circa humanam naturam in Christo.	Question 2: There were two points of inquiry concerning the human nature in Christ:
Primo utrum fuerit in Christo una filiatio qua refertur ad patrem et ad matrem, an duae.	1. Whether there is one sonship in Christ by which he is related to the Father and is mother, or two?
Secundo de morte eius, utrum in cruce mortuus fuerit.	2. Whether Christ was dead on the cross?
Articulus 1 Utrum fuerit in Christo una filiatio qua refertur ad patrem et ad matrem, an duae	Article 1 Whether there is one sonship in Christ by which he is related to he Father and his mother, or two?
Circa primum sic procedebatur: videtur quod in Christo sint duae filiationes.	Concerning the first we proceeded as follows: It seems that there are two sonships in Christ
Multiplicata enim causa relationum, multiplicantur relationes. Generatio autem est causa filiationis. Cum ergo alia sit generatio qua Christus natus est aeternaliter a patre, et alia qua natus est temporaliter a matre, erit etiam alia filiatio qua refertur ad patrem, et alia qua refertur ad matrem.	1. For when the causes of relations are multiplied, the relations are multiplied. However, generation is the cause of sonship. Therefore since the generation by which Christ was born eternally from the Father and that by which he was born temporally from his mother are diverse, the sonship by which he is related to the Father and that by which he is related to his mother will also be diverse.
Praeterea, quod recipit ex tempore aliquid absolutum absque sui mutatione multo magis absque sui mutatione potest recipere temporaliter aliquam proprietatem relativam. Sed filius Dei ex tempore recipit aliquid absolutum absque sui mutatione: quia super illud Luc. I, 32: magnus erit, et filius altissimi vocabitur, dicit Ambrosius. Non ideo erit magnus quod ante partum virginis magnus non fuerit; sed quia potentiam quam Dei filius naturaliter habet, homo erat ex tempore accepturus. Ergo multo magis ex tempore potuit accipere filius Dei absque sui mutatione novam filiationem, ut sic ei conveniant duae filiationes, una aeterna et alia temporalis.	2. Moreover, what receives a relative property in time without changing can even more receive a relative property in time without changing. But the Son of God receives an absolute property in time without changing because on Luke 1:32, “He shall be great and shall be called Son of the Highest,” Ambrose says, “He will not therefore be great because he was not great before being born of the Virgin, but because the power which the Son of God has by nature the man was going to receive in time. Therefore, even more could the Son of God receive a new sonship in time without changing. So two sonships are appropriate to him, one eternal and the other temporal.
Sed contra, a quo aliquid habet quod sit tale, ab eius unitate habet quod sit unum tale. Sed filiatione aliquis habet quod sit filius. Ergo una filiatione est unus filius. Sed Christus est unus filius et non duo. Ergo in Christo non sunt duae filiationes, sed una tantum.	But to the contrary: the unity of the cause which makes something such a thing makes it one such thing. But by sonship someone is a son, therefore by one sonship he is one son. Since Christ is one son and not two, there are not two sonships in him but one only.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod relationes differunt in hoc ab omnibus aliis rerum generibus, quia ea quae sunt aliorum generum, ex ipsa ratione sui generis habent quod sint res naturae, sicut quantitates ex ratione quantitatis, et qualitates ex ratione qualitatis; sed relationes non habent quod sint res naturae ex ratione respectus ad alterum. Inveniuntur enim quidam respectus qui non sunt reales, sed rationales tantum: sicut scibile refertur ad scientiam, non aliqua reali relatione in scibile existente, sed potius quia scientia refertur ad ipsum, secundum philosophum in V Metaphys. Sed relatio habet quod sit res naturae ex sua causa, per quam una res naturalem ordinem habet ad alteram: qui quidem ordo naturalis et realis est ipsis ipsa relatio; unde dextrum et sinistrum in animali sunt relationes reales, quia consequitur quasdam naturales virtutes; in columna autem sunt respectus rationis tantum secundum ordinem animalis ad ipsam.	I answer: it must be said that relations differ from all other categories of things in that those things which belong to other categories are real things from the very natures of their categories, as are quantities from the nature of quantity, and qualities from the nature of quality. But relations are not real things from the nature of relation. For we find certain relations which are not real but mental only, for example a knowable object is related not by any real relation existing in the knowable object but rather because knowledge is related to the object, according to the Philosopher in Metaphysica 5. But the reality of a relation comes from its cause when one thing has a natural order to another. The natural and real order is for them the relation itself. So right and left in an animal are real relations because they follow certain natural powers; however, in a column they are mental relations only according to an animal’s position in relation to the column.
Ex eodem autem habet aliquid quod sit ens et quod sit unum; et ideo contingit quod est una relatio realis tantum propter unitatem causae, sicut patet de aequalitate. Propter unam enim quantitatem est in uno corpore una aequalitas tantum, quamvis sint respectus plures, secundum quos diversis corporibus dicitur esse aequale. Si autem secundum omnes illos respectus multiplicarentur realiter relationes in uno corpore, sequeretur quod in uno essent accidentia infinita vel indeterminata. Et similiter magister est una relatione magister omnium quos idem docet, quamvis sint multi respectus. Sic etiam unus homo secundum unam realem filiationem est filius patris sui et matris suae, quia una nativitate unam naturam ab utroque accepit. Sequendo ergo hanc rationem, videtur dicendum, quod alia sit filiatio realis in Christo qua refertur ad patrem, et alia qua refertur ad matrem: quia alia generatione nascitur ab utroque; et alia est natura quam habet a patre, et alia quam habet a matre.	But a thing has being and unity from the same cause; and therefore, because of the unity of the cause it happens that there is only one real relation. This is obvious in the case of equality, for there is in one body only one relation of equality because of the one quantity, although this may be in regard to a number of things insofar as it is said to be equal to different bodies. If relations were really multiplied in one body according to all those references to which it is equal, it would follow that there would be an infinite or indeterminate number of accidents in one thing. A teacher is by one relation a teacher of all whom he teaches he same thing, although there may be many of these; so also according to one real sonship one man is the son of his father and of his mother because by one birth he received one nature from both of them. Therefore, following this reasoning, it seems that we must say that the real sonships in Christ by which he is related to the Father and to his mother are different because he is born from both by different acts of generation and the nature which he has from the Father and the nature which he has from his mother are diverse.
Sed alia ratio infringit praedictam. Hoc enim est universaliter tenendum, quod nulla relatio Dei ad creaturam realiter in Deo existit, sed est respectus rationis tantum, quia Deus est supra omnem ordinem creaturae, et mensura omnis creaturae, a qua dependet omnis creatura, et non e converso: multo magis quam hoc conveniat scibili respectu scientiae, in quo propter has causas non est relatio realis ad scientiam.	But another reason weakens that. For it must be universally held that no relation of God t creature really exists in God, but such is only a mental relation because God is above every order of creature and is the measure of every creature from which every creature derives, and not conversely. This is even truer of a knowable object in relation to knowledge, for in the knowable object there is no real relation to knowledge for these reasons.
Est autem considerandum, quod subiectum filiationis non est natura, vel naturae pars aliqua; non enim dicimus quod humanitas sit filia, vel caput, aut oculus. In Christo autem non ponimus nisi unum suppositum et unam hypostasim, sicut et unam personam, quod est suppositum aeternum, in quo nulla relatio realis ad creaturam esse potest, ut iam dictum est. Unde relinquitur quod filiatio qua Christus refertur ad matrem, est respectus rationis tantum; nec propter hoc sequitur quod non sit realiter filius virginis. Sicut enim Deus est realiter dominus propter realem potentiam qua continet creaturam, sic realiter est filius virginis propter realem naturam quam accepit a matre. Si autem essent in Christo plura supposita, oporteret ponere in Christo duas filiationes. Sed hoc reputo erroneum, et in Conciliis invenitur damnatum. Unde dico, quod in Christo est una relatio realis tantum qua refertur ad patrem.	We must, however, consider that the subject of sonship is not a nature or some part of a nature, for we do not say that humanity is a daughter nor that it is a head or an eye. Now in Christ we assign only one supposit and one hypostasis, just as we also assign one person which is an eternal supposit in which there can be no real relation to a creature as was just said. So the only remaining alternative is that the sonship by which Christ is related to his mother is a mental relation only. But because of this it does not follow that he is not really the son of the Virgin, for just as God is really Lord because of the real power by which he contains a creature, so Christ really is the son of the Virgin because of the real nature which he received from his mother. If, however, there were many supposits in Christ it would be necessary to assign two sonships to Christ. But his I hold to be erroneous and is found condemned in the Councils. So I say that in Christ there is only one real relation by which he is related to the Father.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod non negamus non esse in Christo realem filiationem qua refertur ad matrem, quia causa relationis deficiat, sed quia deficit subiectum talis relationis, cum non sit in Christo aliquod suppositum creatum vel hypostasis.	To the first it must therefore be stated that we do not deny there is a real sonship in Christ by which he is related to his mother because the relation’s cause is lacking, but because the subject of such a relation is lacking, since here is no created supposit or hypostasis in Christ.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod eo modo quo ille homo accepit ex tempore Dei potentiam, eo modo accepit filiationem aeternam: in quantum scilicet factum est ut una esset persona Dei et hominis, ut Ambrosius ibidem subdit. Hoc autem non est factum per aliquid realiter absolutum vel relativum temporaliter inhaerens filio Dei, sed per solam unionem, quae realiter existit in natura creata, non autem est realiter in persona assumente.	To the second it must be stated that the same way in which that man received the power of God temporarily, he receive the eternal sonship in as much as it was accomplished in such a way that there would be one divine and human person, as Ambrose supposes in the same place. This, however, was not accomplished through something really absolute or relative temporally inhering in the Son of God, but solely through the union which really exists in the created nature but is not, however, really in the person assuming it.
Quod vero in contrarium obiicitur, necessitatem non habet. Dicitur enim aliquando unus qualis propter unitatem substantialem subiecti, licet sint multae qualitates, ut color et sapor in pomo.	What is objected on the contrary side has no necessity, for a thing is sometimes said to be one such thing because of the subject’s substantial unity although there are many qualities in it, as there are color and taste in an apple.

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Articulus 2 Utrum (Christus) in cruce mortuus fuerit	Article 2 Whether Christ was dead on the cross?
Circa secundum sit proceditur: videtur quod Christus in cruce mortuus non fuerit.	Concerning the second we proceed as follows: it seems that Christ was not dead on the cross.
Si enim fuit mortuus, aut hoc fuit quia ipse animam a corpore separavit, aut propter vulnera. Sed non primo modo: sic enim sequeretur quod Iudaei Christum non occidissent, sed quod ipse sui ipsius fuisset homicida: quod est inconveniens. Et similiter nec secundo modo: quia mors quae accidit propter vulnera provenit homini ex summa debilitate praeveniente: quod in Christo non fuit, quia clamans expiravit. Ergo Christus in cruce nullo modo mortuus fuit.	1. For if he was dead, this was either because he himself separated his soul from his body, or because of his wounds. But he did not die in the first way for then it would follow that the Jews would not have killed Christ but he would have killed himself, which is inappropriate. And likewise he did not die in the second way because a death due to wounds occurs when a man reaches the greatest weakness, which was not the case with Christ because he died crying out loudly. Therefore, Christ was in no way dead on the cross.
Praeterea, natura humana non fuit in Christo debilior quam in aliis hominibus. Sed nullus alius homo tam cito moreretur propter vulnera manuum et pedum; vulnus autem lateris fuit ei inflictum post mortem Christi. Ergo in cruce mortuus non fuit, cum nulla causa mortis eius esse videatur.	2. Moreover, human nature was no weaker in Christ than in other men, but no other man would die so quickly because of wounds of the hands and feet. The wound in the side, however, was inflicted on Christ after his death. Therefore, he was not dead on the cross since there seems to be no cause for his death.
Sed contra est quod dicitur Io. XIX, 30, quod Christus in cruce pendens, inclinato capite tradidit spiritum. Mors autem est per separationem animae a corpore. Ergo Christus in cruce mortuus fuit.	But to the contrary: John 19:30 says that Christ hanging on the cross “with his head bowed, gave up the ghost.” Death, however, is due to the soul’s separation from the body, therefore Christ was dead on the cross.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod absque omni dubio confitendum est Christum in cruce vere mortuum fuisse. Sed ad videndum causam mortis eius, considerandum est quod, cum Christus fuerit verus Deus et homo, eius potestati suberat quidquid pertinet ad humanam naturam in Christo; quod in aliis puris hominibus non contingit: voluntati enim eorum non subiacent quae naturalia sunt. Unde haec causa assignatur quare anima Christi simul patiebatur et fruebatur, quia scilicet eo volente hoc factum est ut non fieret redundantia a superioribus viribus in inferiores, nec impedirentur superiores virtutes a suo actu propter passionem inferiorum; quod in aliis hominibus contingere non potest, propter naturalem coniunctionem potentiarum ad invicem.	I answer: it must be said that we must confess without any doubt that Christ was truly dead on the cross. In order to see the cause of his death we must consider that since Christ was true God and man, whatever pertains to Christ’s human nature was subject to his power, which does not happen in others who are purely men, for physical things are not subject to their wills. This is the cause of Christ’s suffering and rejoicing simultaneously: by his willing, death was effected so that there would be no overflowing from the higher powers to the lower ones, nor would the higher powers be impeded in their own acts because of the suffering of the lower ones. This cannot happen in other men because of the natural conjunction of the powers with one another.
Et similiter in proposito est dicendum. Mors enim violenta accidit ex hoc quod nocumento illato natura cedit; et quamdiu natura resistere potest, tamdiu mors retardatur. Unde in quibus natura est fortior, ex aequali causa tardius moriuntur. Erat autem subiectum voluntati Christi quando natura resisteret nocumento illato, et quando cederet; unde eo volente natura resistit nocivo illato usque ad finem plus quam in aliis hominibus possit, ita quod in fine post multam sanguinis effusionem quasi integer viribus clamavit voce magna, et statim eo volente natura cessit, et tradidit spiritum, ut se dominum naturae et vitae et mortis ostenderet. Unde hoc admirans centurio dixit, Marc. XV, 39: vere hic homo filius Dei erat.	And we must answer in like manner to that which was argued, for a violent death occurs because a nature yields to harm inflicted, and so long as the nature can resist so long is death delayed. Hence things in which a nature is stronger die more slowly from the same cause. However, how much the nature would resist harm inflicted and when it would yield were subject to Christ’s will. Hence by his willing the nature resisted to the end the harm inflicted more than it could in other men so that in the end, after much effusion of blood and as though with his faculties still intact, he cried out with a loud voice, and at once by his willing the nature yielded and he gave up the ghost so that he might show himself Lord of nature and of life and death. And marveling at this, the centurion said in Mark 15:39: “Truly this man was the Son of God.”
Sic ergo, et Iudaei Christum occiderunt nocumentum mortiferum inferentes, et tamen ipse animam suam posuit, et tradidit spiritum, quia quando voluit, natura nocumento illato totaliter cessit. Nec tamen culpandus est quasi sui homicida. Est enim corpus propter animam, et non e converso. Unde iniuria fit animae, cum propter nocumentum corpori illatum de corpore expellitur contra naturalem appetitum animae, sed forte non propter depravatam voluntatem se interficientis. Sed si anima in sui potestate haberet recedere a corpore quando vellet, et iterum advenire, non maioris esset culpae si corpus desereret, quam quod habitator deseruerit domum; culpae tamen est quod inde expellatur invitus.	Therefore, it is true both that the Jews killed Christ by inflicting mortal harm, and that he himself laid down his soul and gave up the ghost because when he willed it his nature yielded totally to the harm inflicted. Nor is he to be blamed as though he killed himself. For the body exists for the sake of the soul and not conversely. So injury is done to the soul when it is expelled from the body against the soul’s natural desire because of an injury inflicted on the body, although perhaps not because of the depraved will of a suicide. But if the soul had in its power the capacity to withdraw from and come into the body again when it willed, there would be no greater blame if it abandoned the body than if an inhabitant deserted a home. However, it is a matter of blame for it to be expelled from thence unwillingly.
Et per hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.	The response to the objections is clear.

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Deinde quaerebantur duo de Angelo.	Question 3: Two questions were asked concerning angels.
Primo utrum Angelus dependeat a loco corporali secundum suam essentiam, an sit in loco corporali secundum operationem tantum.	1. First: Whether an angel depends on a corporeal place according to its essence or is it in a corporeal place according to its action only?
Secundo de motu Angeli, utrum possit moveri de extremo in extremum sine medio.	2. Secondly: Concerning an angel’s motion, whether it can move from one place to another without going through an intermediate place.
Articulus 1 Utrum Angelus dependeat a loco corporali secundum suam essentiam, an sit in loco corporali secundum operationem tantum	Article 1 Whether an angel depends on a corporeal place according to its essence or is it in a corporeal place according to its action only?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod Angelus non sit in loco secundum operationem tantum.	On the first we proceed as follows: It seems that an angel is not in a place according to its action only.
Prius est enim esse quam operari; ergo prius est esse in loco quam operari in loco. Sed posterius non est causa prioris; ergo operari in loco non est causa quare Angelus sit in loco.	1. For since existence is prior to action, existence in a place is prior to action in a place. But something later is not the cause of something prior. Therefore acting in a place is not the cause of an angel’s existing in a place.
Praeterea, duo Angeli possunt operari in uno loco. Si ergo Angelus esset in loco solum per operationem, sequeretur quod plures Angeli essent simul in uno loco; quod reputatur impossibile.	2. Moreover, two angels can act in one place. Therefore, if an angel were in a place only through action, it would follow that many angels would exist simultaneously in one place, which is reputed to be impossible.
Sed contra, nobilius non dependet ab ignobiliori. Sed essentia Angeli est nobilior quam locus corporeus. Ergo non dependet a loco corporeo.	[On the contrary, the more noble does not depend on the less noble. But the essence of an angel is more noble than bodily place. Therefore it does not depend on a bodily place.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod qualiter Angelus sit in loco corporeo, considerari potest ex modo quo corpus est in loco. Est enim corpus in loco per contactum loci. Contactus autem corporis est per quantitatem dimensivam, quae in Angelo non invenitur, cum sit incorporeus; sed loco eius est in eo quantitas virtualis. Sicut ergo corpus est in loco per contactum dimensivae quantitatis, ita Angelus est in loco per contactum virtutis. Si quis autem velit virtutis contactum operationem vocare, propter hoc quod operari est proprius effectus virtutis, dicatur quod Angelus est in loco per operationem: ita tamen quod per operationem non intelligatur sola motio, sed quaecumque unitio qua sua virtute se corpori unit, praesidendo, vel continendo, vel quocumque alio modo.	I answer: The manner in which an angel is in a bodily place can be considered from the manner in which a body is in a place. A body is in place by contact with the place. Bodily contact is through dimensive qantity, which an angel does not have, since it is incorporeal. But in place of that there is virtual quanity. So just as a body is in a place by contact of its dimensive quantity, so an angel is in a place by the contact of its power (virtus). But is anyone wishes to call virtual contact "operation", because to operate is the proper effect of power, an angel could be said to be in place by way of operation Yet operation should not be taken to mean only motion, but any form of union by which its power unites with a body: by presiding, containing, or any other way.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod nihil prohibet aliquid esse prius simpliciter quod non est prius quantum ad hoc: sicut corpus subiectum est simpliciter prius superficie, sed non quantum ad hoc quod est colorari. Et similiter prius simpliciter est corpus quam tactus; tamen ipsum est in loco per tactum dimensivae quantitatis. Et similiter Angelus per contactum virtutis.	To the first objection, we say that nothing prevents somethng to be prior simply, which is not prior in a particular respect. Thus a body as a subject is simply prior to a surface, but not in so far as it is colored. Similarly, a body is simply prior to touch, yet it is in place by the contact of its dimensive quantity. Likewise, an angel is in place by the contact of its power.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod si aliquid movetur perfecte ab uno motore, non convenit quod ab alio simul immediate moveatur; unde ratio magis valet ad oppositum eius quam ad propositum.	To the second objection, we say that if something is moved perfectly by one mover, it is not appropriate for it to be moved immediately and at the same time by another. So the objection favors the opposite conclusion to the one proposed.

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Articulus 2 Utrum (Angelus) possit moveri de extremo in extremum sine medio	Article 2 Whether an angel can move from one place to another without passing through an intermediate place?
Ad secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod Angelus non possit moveri de extremo ad extremum quin pertranseat medium.	On the second we proceed as follows: it seems that an angel cannot move from place to place without passing through an intermediate place.
Omne enim quod movetur, prius est in mutari quam in mutatum esse, ut probatur VI Phys. Sed si Angelus movetur de extremo in extremum, puta de a in b, cum est in b, est in mutatum esse. Ergo prius erat in mutari. Sed non quando erat in a, quia tunc nondum movebatur. Ergo quando erit in c, quod est medium inter a et b; et sic oportet quod pertranseat medium.	1. For everything that moves is in the process of changing before being in the state of completion of change, as Physica 6 proves. But if an angel moves from one place to another, for example from A to Be, when it is at B it is in the state of completion of change. Hence it was in the process of changing before. But not when it was at A because then it was not yet moving. Therefore, it will be in the process of changing when it is at C which is the intermediate between A and B. So it is necessary for it to pass through an intermediate.
Praeterea, si Angelus movetur de a in b sine hoc quod pertranseat medium, oportebit quod corrumpatur in a, et iterum creetur in b. Sed hoc est impossibile, quia sic non esset idem Angelus. Ergo oportet quod pertranseat medium.	2. Moreover, if an angel moves from A to B without passing through an intermediate, it will be necessary for it to be destroyed at A and created again at B. This is impossible because then it would not be the same angel. Therefore, it is necessary for it to pass through an intermediate.
Sed contra, omne quod pertransit medium, oportet quod prius pertranseat aequale sibi aut minus quam maius, ut dicitur in VI physicorum, et ad sensum apparet. Sed non potest esse minus spatium quam Angelus, qui est indivisibilis. Ergo oportet quod pertranseat aequale, quod est locus indivisibilis et punctualis. Infinita autem puncta sunt inter quoslibet duos terminos motus. Si ergo necesse esset quod Angelus in suo motu pertransiret medium, oporteret quod pertransiret infinita; quod est impossibile.	But to the contrary: everything that passes through an intermediate must first pass through something equal to the thing or less before something greater, as is said in Physica 6 and as it appears to the senses. But it cannot be less space than the angel which is indivisible, so it is necessary for it to pass through something equal to the angel which is an indivisible place like a point. An infinite number of points, however, lie between any two terms of motion. Therefore, if it were necessary for an angel in its motion to pass through an intermediate place, it would be necessary for it to pass through an infinite number, which is impossible.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod Angelus, si vult, potest moveri de uno extremo ad aliud absque hoc quod pertranseat medium; et si vult, potest pertransire omnia media. Cuius ratio est, quia corpus est in loco sicut contentum ab eo: et ideo oportet quod in movendo sequatur loci conditionem, ut scilicet pertranseat media priusquam ad extrema loci perveniat. Sed cum Angelus sit in loco per contactum virtutis, non subditur loco ut contentus ab eo, sed magis continet locum, sua virtute supereminens in loco: unde non habet necesse ut sequatur in suo motu conditiones loci; sed voluntati suae subest quod applicet se per contactum virtutis huic loco et illi, et si vult, absque medio. Sicut etiam intellectus potest applicari intelligendo uni extremo, puta albo, et postea nigro, indifferenter vel cogitando vel non cogitando de mediis coloribus; quamvis corpus subiectum colori non possit moveri de albo in nigrum nisi per medium.	I answer: it must be stated that an angel can if it wants move from one place to another without passing through an intermediate place, and if it wants it can pass through an intermediate place. The reason for this is that a body is in a place as contained by it, and therefore it is necessary that in moving it follow the condition of the place so that it passes through intermediate places prior to arriving at the boundaries of the place. But since an angel is in a place through contact by power, it is not subject to the place so as to be contained by it, but rather contains the place, being supereminent in the place by its power; so it is not necessary for it to follow the conditions of place in its motion. But it is subject to its will that it be attached to this place and hat through contact by power, and without an intermediate place if it wants, just as an intellect can be attached to one extreme in understanding, e.g., to white, and afterwards to black, indifferently, either thinking or not thinking of the colors in between (although a body subject to color cannot move from white to black except through an intermediate color).
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod verbum philosophi et eius probatio locum habet in motu continuo. Sed motus Angeli non oportet quod sit continuus: sed ipsa successio applicationum praedictarum motus eius dicitur, sicut et successio cogitationum vel affectionum dicitur motus spiritualis creaturae, secundum Augustinum super Genesim ad litteram.	To the first it must therefore be stated that the Philosopher’s words and his proof concern continuous motion. However, an angel’s motion is not necessarily continuous, but we call the very succession of the aforesaid applications its motion, just as we call the succession of thoughts or states of mind the motion of a spiritual creature according to Augustine in Super Genesim ad litteram.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod hoc non accidit per corruptionem Angeli aut novam creationem, sed quia eius virtus supereminet loco.	To the second it must be said that this does not happen through the destruction or new creation of an angel, but because its power is supereminent over a place.
Ad illud vero quod in contrarium obiicitur, dicendum, quod Angelus non est in loco per commensurationem, sed per applicationem suae virtutis ad locum; quae quidem potest esse indifferenter et ad locum divisibilem et indivisibilem: unde potest continue moveri, sicut aliquid in loco divisibili existens, continue intercipiendo spatium; secundum vero quod in loco indivisibili est, non potest eius motus esse continuus, nec pertransire omnia media.	As to what is objected on the contrary side, it must be said that an angel is not in a place through having a common measure with the place but through the application of its power to the place, which application can indifferently be to a divisible and to an indivisible place. So it can move continuously as something which exists in a divisible place by continually intercepting space. But according as it is in an indivisible place its motion cannot be continuous nor pass through all intermediates.

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Deinde quaerebatur de homine. —Et primo quantum ad bonum naturae. —Secundo quantum ad bonum gratiae. —Tertio quantum ad bonum gloriae. Circa primum quaerebantur tria.	Question 4: Then it was asked concerning man: first as to the good in the order of nature, second as to the good in the order of grace, third as to the good in the order of glory.
Primo de unione animae ad corpus; utrum scilicet anima adveniente corpori, corrumpantur omnes formae quae prius inerant, et substantiales et accidentales.	1. concerning the union of the soul and body, whether when the soul arrives at the body all the forms which inhered in the body before, both substantial and accidental ones, are destroyed?
Secundo de potestate liberi arbitrii; utrum scilicet homo absque gratia possit se ad gratiam praeparare.	2. concerning the power of free choice, whether a man without grace can prepare himself for grace?
Tertio de dilectione naturali; utrum scilicet homo in statu innocentiae dilexerit Deum plus quam omnia, et supra seipsum.	3. concerning natural love, whether man in the state of innocence loved God more than all things and above himself?
Utrum anima adveniente corpori, corrumpantur omnes formae quae prius inerant, et substantiales et accidentales	Article 1: Whether when the soul arrives at the body all the forms which inhered in the body before, both substantial and accidental ones, are destroyed?
Ad primum sic procedebatur: videtur quod per adventum animae non excludantur omnes formae quae prius inerant.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that all the forms which inhered before are not removed through the arrival of the soul.
Dicitur enim Genes. II, 7: formavit Deus hominem de limo terrae, et inspiravit in faciem eius spiraculum vitae. Frustra autem formasset corpus, si inspirando animam, forma quam formando indiderat, excluderetur. Non ergo adveniente anima tolluntur omnes formae praecedentes.	1. For Genesis 2:7 says, “God formed man from the mud of the earth and breathed into his face the breath of life.” However, the body would have been formed uselessly if, in breathing in the soul, the forms which he had imparted in giving form to it were removed. Therefore, when the soul arrives, all the preceding forms are not removed.
Praeterea, necesse est quod anima sit in corpore formato et disposito multis dispositionibus. Si ergo adveniens anima omnes praecedentes formas et dispositiones amovet, sequitur quod in instanti anima totum corpus formet; quod videtur esse solius Dei.	2. Moreover, the soul necessarily exists in a body endowed with form and having many dispositions. If therefore the arriving soul removes all the preceding forms and dispositions, it follows that in an instant the soul gives form to the whole body. But it seems God alone can do this.
Praeterea, anima non est nisi in corpore mixto. Sed mixtio elementorum non fit solum secundum materiam, sed etiam secundum formas; alioquin esset corruptio. Ergo anima non excludit omnes formas in materia inventas.	3. Further, the soul exists only in a heterogeneous body. But a mixture of elements involves the forms and not only the matter of the elements, otherwise there would be destruction and not mixture. Therefore, the soul does not remove all the forms founding matter.
Praeterea, anima est perfectio. Perfectionis autem non est corrumpere, sed perficere. Non ergo adveniens corpori corrumpit formas praeexistentes.	4. Further, the soul is a perfection. Now a perfection does not destroy, rather it perfects. Therefore, in arriving at he body it does not destroy the pre-existing forms.
Sed contra, omnis forma adveniens existenti in actu, est forma accidentalis. Forma enim substantialis facit esse actu simpliciter. Sed si anima adveniens non destrueret praeexistentes formas, sed eis superadderetur, sequeretur quod adveniret existenti in actu: quia quaelibet forma, cum sit actus, facit esse in actu. Ergo anima adveniens excludit formas praeexistentes.	But to the contrary: every form which arrives at something actually existent is accidental, for a substantial form makes actual being (esse) absolutely. But if an arriving soul did not destroy the pre-existing forms but was added on to them, it would follow that it would arrive at an actually existing thing because any form, since it is an act, makes actual being. Therefore the arriving soul removes the pre-existing forms.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod impossibile est in uno et eodem esse plures formas substantiales: et hoc ideo quia ab eodem habet res esse et unitatem. Manifestum est autem quod res habet esse per formam: unde et per formam res habet unitatem. Et propter hoc, ubicumque est multitudo formarum, non est unum simpliciter, sicut homo albus non est unum simpliciter, nec animal bipes esset unum simpliciter si ab alio esset animal et ab alio bipes, ut philosophus dicit. Sed dicendum est, quod formae substantiales se habent ad invicem sicut numeri, ut dicitur in VIII Metaphysic.; vel etiam sicut figurae, ut de partibus animae dicit philosophus in II de anima. Semper enim maior numerus vel figura virtute continet in se minorem, sicut quinarius quaternarium, et pentagonus tetragonum; et similiter perfectior forma virtute continet in se imperfectiorem, ut maxime in animalibus patet. Anima enim intellectiva habet virtutem ut conferat corpori humano quidquid confert sensitiva in brutis; et similiter sensitiva facit in animalibus quidquid nutritiva in plantis, et adhuc amplius. Frustra ergo esset in homine alia anima sensitiva praeter intellectivam, ex quo anima intellectiva virtute continet sensitivam, et adhuc amplius; sicut frustra adderetur quaternarius posito quinario. Et eadem ratio est de omnibus formis substantialibus usque ad materiam primam; ita quod non est in homine diversas formas substantiales invenire, sed solum secundum rationem; sicut consideramus eum ut viventem per animam nutritivam, et ut sentientem per animam sensitivam, et sic de aliis.	I answer: it must be stated that it is impossible for there to be many substantial forms in one and the same thing because a thing has its being and unity from the same source. It is clear, however, that a thing has being through form, hence it also has unity through form. And because of this, wherever there is a multitude of forms there is not one thing absolutely, just as a white man is not one absolutely nor would a biped animal be one absolutely if it were an animal from one component and biped from another, as the Philosopher says. Metaphysica 8, or as figures are as the Philosopher says concerning the parts of the soul in De anima 2. For always the greater number or figure virtually contains in itself the more imperfect as is most clear in the case of animals. For the intellective soul has the power to confer on the human body whatever the sensitive soul confers in brute animals, and likewise the sensitive does in animals whatever the nutritive does in plants, and still more. Therefore, in man another sensitive soul in addition to the intellective soul would be useless because the intellective virtually contains the sensitive and still more, just as, given that you have something containing five members, it would be useless to add something containing four. And there is the same reasoning for all substantial forms down to prime matter, so that diverse substantial forms are not founding a man except to our way of thinking, as when we consider him as living by means of a nutritive soul and as sensing by means of a sensitive soul, and so on concerning the others.
Manifestum est autem quod semper, adveniente forma perfecta, tollitur forma imperfecta, sicut etiam adveniente figura pentagoni, tollitur quadrati. Unde dico, quod adveniente anima humana, tollitur forma substantialis quae prius inerat; alioquin generatio esset sine corruptione alterius, quod est impossibile. Formae vero accidentales quae prius inerant disponentes ad animam, corrumpuntur quidem non per se, sed per accidens ad corruptionem subiecti: unde manent eaedem specie, sed non eaedem numero; sicut etiam contingit circa dispositiones formarum elementarium, quae primitus materiae advenire apparent.	Clearly, however, when a perfect form arrives an imperfect form is always removed. For example, when the figure of a pentagon arrives, that of a rectangle is removed. So I say that when the human soul arrives, the substantial form which inhered before is removed. Otherwise there would be generation of the one without the destruction of the other which is impossible. The accidental forms which inhered before and prepared for the soul are not indeed destroyed essentially but accidentally when the subject is destroyed. So they remain specifically but not numerically the same, as also happens concerning the dispositions of the forms of the elements which seem to reach matter first.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod secundum Basilium, spiraculum vitae dicitur ibi gratia sancti spiritus; et sic obiectio cessat. Si autem, ut Augustinus dicit, spiraculum vitae sit ipsa anima, non oportebit dicere quod alia forma formatum sit corpus hominis de limo terrae quam ipso spiraculo vitae divinitus inspirato: non enim illa formatio tempore praecessit inspirationem. Nisi forte velimus dicere, illam formationem referri ad dispositiones accidentales, puta figuram, et alia huiusmodi, quae quodam rationis ordine praeintelliguntur in corpore ante animam intellectivam, sicut materiales dispositiones; quibus tamen praeintelligitur ipsa anima intellectiva, non in quantum est intellectiva, sed in quantum continet in se virtutem aliquam de imperfectioribus formis.	To the first it must be state therefore that according to Basil, the grace of the Holy Spirit is there called the breath of life, and so the objection ceases. However, if as Augustine says the breath of life is the soul itself, it will not be necessary to say that the human body is given form from the mud of the earth with a form other than the very breath of life divinely breathed in. For that imparting of form did not precede in time the breathing-in, unless perhaps we should want to say that the imparting of form is referred to the accidental dispositions, e.g. shape and the like, which by a certain order of reason are understood to be in the body as material dispositions before the intellective soul arrives. But the intellective soul is itself presupposed by those dispositions, not as intellective but as containing in itself virtually something of the more imperfect forms.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod anima cum advenit corpori, non facit esse corpus effective, sed formaliter tantum. Effective autem facit corpus esse illud quod dat corpori formam ut perficiens; ut disponens autem illud quod praeoperatur ad formam, paulatim autem et ordine quodam inducendo materiam ad propinquiorem formam aut dispositionem. Quanto enim propinquior fuerit forma aut dispositio, tanto minor est resistentia ad introductionem formae et dispositionis completae: facilius enim fit ignis ex aere quam ex aqua, quamvis utraque forma immediate adsit materiae.	To the second it must be said that the soul, when it arrives at the body, is not the efficient but only the formal cause of the body’s being. However, that which is the efficient cause of the body’s form makes the body to be as perfecting it: that which works beforehand on the form by gradually and in a certain order bringing matter to a closer form or disposition makes the body to be by preparing it. The nearer a form or disposition is, the less the resistance to the introduction of the form and complete disposition. For fire is more easily made from air than from water, although each form is immediately present in matter.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod Avicenna posuit formas elementorum actu remanere in mixto. Quod non potest esse, quia formae elementorum non possunt esse in una parte materiae simul; et sic oportet quod sint in diversis materiae partibus, quae distinguuntur secundum dimensivae quantitatis divisionem: et sic oportebit quod vel plura corpora sint simul, vel quod non sit mixtio vera totius ad totum, sed mixtio ad sensum, secundum minima iuxta se posita. Averroes autem in III de caelo dicit, quod formae elementorum sunt mediae inter formas accidentales et substantiales, et quod recipiunt magis et minus; et sic formis elementorum remissis, et quodam modo ad medium redactis, quodammodo fit mixtio. Sed hoc est minus possibile quam primum. Nam forma substantialis est terminus quidam esse specifici, unde in indivisibili est ratio formae sicut ratio numeri et figurae, nec est possibile ut intendatur vel remittatur; sed omnis additio vel subtractio facit aliam speciem. Et ideo aliter dicendum, secundum philosophum in I de generatione, quod formae miscibilium non manent in mixto actu, sed virtute; prout scilicet virtus formae substantialis manet in qualitate elementari, licet remissa, et quasi ad medium redacta: qualitas enim elementaris agit in virtute formae substantialis; alioquin actio quae est per calorem ignis, non terminaretur ad formam substantialem.	To the third it must be said that Avicenna maintained the forms of the elements remain in a mixture in act. This cannot be because the forms of the elements cannot exist in one and the same part of matter at the same time, and so it is necessary that they exist in diverse parts of matter which are distinguished according to the division of dimensional quantity. Then it will be necessary that either many bodies exist at the same time or that it is not a true mixture of every part but a mixture appearing to the senses only, because of the juxtaposition of the smallest particles. Averroes, however, in De coelo 3, says that the forms of the elements are intermediate between accidental and substantial forms, and that they receive degrees of more and less. And so, when the forms of the elements are modified and reduced to equilibrium, somehow a mixture is made. But this is less possible than the first opinion. For a substantial form is a kind of limit to specific existence whence in an indivisible the notion of form is like the notion of number and shape, nor is it possible that it be more intense or less, but every addition or subtraction makes another species. And therefore we must say otherwise, following the Philosopher in De generatione I, that the forms of the components do not remain in the mixture actually, but they remain virtually according as the power of the substantial form remains in the elementary quality although modified and reduced as it were to equilibrium. For an elementary quality acts in virtue of a substantial form. Otherwise the action which is through the heat of fire would not be terminated in a substantial form.
Ad quartum dicendum, quod anima, cum sit forma, est quidem perfectio quaedam particularis, non autem universalis; et ideo ea adveniente sic aliquid perficitur, ut tamen aliquid corrumpatur.	To the fourth it must be stated that the soul, since it is a form, is indeed a kind of particular perfection, however not a universal one. And therefore when it arrives something is perfected but in such a way that something else is destroyed.

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Articulus 2 Utrum homo absque gratia possit se ad gratiam praeparare	Article 2 Whether a man without grace can prepare himself for grace?
Ad secundum sic procedebatur: videtur quod homo absque gratia per solam naturalem arbitrii libertatem possit se ad gratiam praeparare.	On the second we proceed as follows: it seems that a man without grace can prepare himself for grace through the natural liberty of choice.
Quia, ut dicitur Prov. XVI, 1: hominis est praeparare animum. Hoc autem dicitur esse alicuius quod est in eius potestate constitutum. Ergo in potestate hominis constitutum est quod possit se ad gratiam praeparare: non ergo indiget auxilio gratiae.	1. Because as Proverbs 16:1 says, “To prepare the mind pertains to man.” However, that is said to pertain to someone which is assigned to his power. Therefore, to be able to prepare himself for grace was assigned to the power of man. He does not then need the aid of grace.
Praeterea, Anselmus dicit in Lib. de casu Diaboli, quod non ideo aliquis caret gratia quia Deus non vult dare, sed quia ipse non vult accipere. Si ergo vellet accipere, posset accipere. Potest ergo, si vult, se ad gratiam praeparare absque exteriori auxilio.	2. Moreover, Anselm says in De casu diaboli that someone does not lack grace because God does not want to give it but because he does not want to receive it. Therefore, if he wanted to receive it he could, so he can if he wants to prepare himself for grace without external aid.
Sed dicebat, quod homo indiget in hoc auxilio gratiae quantum ad exterius movens.- Sed contra: homo potest moveri ad conversionem non solum ex bonis, sed etiam ex peccatis; sicut si aliquis videat aliquem enormiter peccantem, et ex horrore peccati ad Deum convertitur. Sed peccatum non est a Deo. Ergo absque Dei operatione potest se homo ad gratiam praeparare.	3. But the objector said that a man needs the aid of grace in this matter as an external mover. On the contrary: we can say that a man can be moved to conversion not only from good things but even from sins, for example if someone should see someone sinning heinously and from the horror of the sin be turned to God. But the sin is not from God. Therefore, without God’s action a man can prepare himself for grace.
Sed contra. Per hoc ad gratiam praeparamur, quod ad Deum convertimur. Sed ad hoc indigemus auxilio divinae gratiae: dicitur enim Thren. V, 21: converte nos, domine, ad te, et convertemur. Ergo homo indiget auxilio gratiae divinae ad hoc quod se ad gratiam praeparet.	But to the contrary: we are prepared for grace through being turned to God. But for this we need the aid of divine grace, for Lamentations 5:21 says, “Convert us, Lord to you, and we shall be converted.” Therefore, to prepare himself for grace a man needs the aid of divine grace.
Praeterea, ad nihilum non potest homo se praeparare nisi cogitando. Sed ad hoc ipsum indiget homo auxilio gratiae: dicitur enim II Cor. III, 5: non sufficientes sumus cogitare aliquid a nobis, quasi ex nobis. Ergo indigemus auxilio divinae gratiae ad hoc quod nos ad gratiam praeparemus.	Moreover, a man cannot prepare himself for anything except by thinking. But for this itself a man needs the aid of grace, for it is said in 2 Cor 3:5: “We are insufficient of ourselves to think anything as from ourselves.” Therefore, we need the aid of divine grace to prepare ourselves for grace.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod in hac quaestione cavendus est error Pelagii, qui posuit quod per liberum arbitrium homo poterat adimplere legem, et vitam aeternam mereri; nec indigebat auxilio divino, nisi quantum ad hoc quod sciret quid facere deberet; secundum illud Psal. CXLII, 10: doce me facere voluntatem tuam. Sed quia hoc nimis parum videbatur, ut solam scientiam haberemus a Deo, caritatem autem, qua praecepta legis implentur, haberemus a nobis, ideo postmodum Pelagiani posuerunt, quod initium boni operis est homini ex seipso, dum consentit fidei per liberum arbitrium; sed consummatio est homini a Deo. Praeparatio autem ad initium boni operis pertinet. Unde ad errorem Pelagianum pertinet dicere, quod homo possit se ad gratiam praeparare absque auxilio divinae gratiae; et est contra apostolum, qui dicit ad Phil. I, 6: qui coepit in vobis opus bonum, ipse perficiet.	I answer: it must be said that in this question we musts guard against the error of Pelagius who maintained that through free choice a man could fulfill the law and merit eternal life nor needed divine aid except in order to know what to do, according to Psalm 143 (143): 10, “Teach me to do your will. But because this seemed much too little─for then we would have knowledge only from God, but the charity by which the precepts of the law are fulfilled we would have from ourselves─the Pelagians afterwards maintained that a man has the beginning of a good work from himself when he consents to faith through free choice, but a man has the consummation of the work from God. But preparation pertains to the beginning of a good work. So saying that a man may be able to prepare himself for grace without the aid of divine grace pertains to the Pelagians’ error and is against the Apostle who says in Phil 1:6: “He who has begun a good work in you will perfect it.”
Dicendum est ergo, quod homo indiget auxilio gratiae non solum ad merendum, sed etiam ad hoc quod se ad gratiam praeparet; aliter tamen et aliter. Nam meretur homo per actum virtutis, cum non solum bonum agit, sed bene, ad quod requiritur habitus, ut dicitur in II Ethic., et ideo ad merendum requiritur habitualiter gratia. Sed ad hoc quod homo praeparet se ad habitum consequendum, non indiget alio habitu, quia sic esset procedere ad infinitum. Indiget autem divino auxilio non solum quantum ad exteriora moventia, prout scilicet ex divina providentia procurantur homini occasiones salutis, puta praedicationes, exempla, et interdum aegritudines et flagella; sed etiam quantum ad interiorem motum, prout Deus cor hominis interius movet ad bonum, secundum illud Prov. XXI, 1: cor regis in manu Dei; quocumque voluerit, vertet illud. Et quod hoc necessarium sit, probat philosophus in quodam cap. de bono fortunae. Hoc enim agit voluntate; voluntatis autem principium est electio, et electionis consilium. Si autem quaeratur qualiter consiliari incipiat, non potest dici quod ex consilio consiliari inceperit, quia sic esset in infinitum procedere. Unde oportet aliquod exterius principium esse quod moveat mentem humanam ad consiliandum de agendis. Hoc autem oportet esse aliquod melius humana mente. Non ergo est corpus caeleste, quod est infra intellectualem virtutem, sed Deus, ut philosophus, ibidem, concludit. Sicut ergo omnis motus inferiorum corporum, quae non semper moventur, principium est motus caeli, ita omnium motuum inferiorum mentium principium est a Deo movente. Sic ergo nullus potest se ad gratiam praeparare, nec aliquid boni facere, nisi per divinum auxilium.	Therefore, a man needs the aid of grace not only to merit but even to prepare himself for grace, but in different ways. For a man merits through an act of virtue when he not only does good but does well, for which a habit is required as is said in Ethica 2. And therefore, grace in the mode of a habit is required for meriting. But for a man to prepare himself to acquire a habit he does not need another habit because then the process would go on to infinity. However, he needs divine aid not only with regard to exterior movers insofar as divine providence procures for a man occasions for salvation, e.g. teaching, examples, and occasionally sicknesses and tribulations, but even with regard to interior motion insofar as God moves the interior heart of a man to the good, according to Proverbs 21:1, “The heart of the king is in the hand of God: he will turn that wherever he wants"That this is necessary the Philosopher proves in a chapter of De bono fortunae, for a man does this by his will; however, the principle of the will is choice and of choice, counsel. But if it were asked what kind of counsel he should begin o take, it cannot be said that he should begin to take counsel from a counsel because thus the process would be infinite. So it is necessary for there to be some exterior principle which moves the human mind to taking counsel concerning things to be done, and this must be something better than the human mind. Hence it is not a celestial body which is lower than an intellectual power, but God, as the Philosopher concludes in the same place. Therefore, just as the principle of every motion of lower bodies which are not always moved is the motion of the heavens, so the principle of all interior motions of minds is God as mover. No one then can prepare himself for grace nor do anything good except trough divine aid.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod per hoc quod hominis est se ad gratiam praeparare per liberum arbitrium, non excluditur necessitas auxilii divini; sicut nec per hoc quod ignis est calefacere, excluditur necessitas caelestis motus.	Therefore to the first it must be stated that the necessity of divine aid is not excluded because it pertains to a man to prepare himself for grace through free choice, just as neither is the necessity of heavenly motion excluded because it pertains to fire to heat.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod Deus movet omnia secundum modum eorum. Et ideo divina motio a quibusdam participatur cum necessitate, a natura autem rationali cum libertate, propter hoc quod virtus rationalis se habet ad opposita. Et ideo sic Deus movet mentem humanam ad bonum, quod tamen potest huic motioni resistere: et sic ex Deo est ut homo se ad gratiam praeparet; sed quod gratia careat, non habet causam a Deo, sed ab homine, secundum illud Osee XIII, 9: perditio tua ex te Israel; tantummodo ex me auxilium tuum.	To the second it must be stated that God moves everything according to its manner. So divine motion is imparted to some things with necessity; however, it is imparted to the rational nature with liberty because the rational power is related to opposites. God so moves the human mind to the good, however, that a man can resist this motion. And so, that a man should prepare himself for grace is from God, but that he should lack grace does not have its cause from God but from the man, according to Hosea 13:9, “Your ruin is from yourself, Israel; your help is only from me.”
Ad tertium dicendum, quod licet peccatum non sit a Deo, tamen Deus peccatum quandoque ordinat ad hoc ut sit alicui salutis occasio.	To the third it must be stated that although sin is not from God, God sometimes arranges sin to be the occasion of someone’s salvation.

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Articulus 3 Utrum homo in statu innocentiae dilexerit Deum plus quam omnia, et supra seipsum	Article 3 Whether man in the state of innocence loved God above all things?
Ad tertium sic proceditur: videtur quod primus homo in statu innocentiae non dilexerit Deum super omnia, et plusquam seipsum.	On the third we proceed as follows: it seems that the first man in the state of innocence did not love God above all things and more than himself.
Sic enim diligere Deum, meritorium est maxime. Sed primus homo in statu illo non habuit unde posset proficere per meritum, ut dicitur in 24 dist. II Lib. Sentent. Ergo primus homo in statu illo non dilexit Deum plusquam seipsum, et super omnia.	1. For so to love God is most meritorious. But the first man in that state did not have that whereby he might be able to advance by means of merit, as is said in Sententiarum 2, d. 24. Therefore, the first man in that state did not love God more than himself and above all things.
Praeterea, sic diligere Deum, est maxima praeparatio mentis humanae ad gratiam consequendam. Primus autem homo in statu illo ponitur gratiam non habuisse, sed sola naturalia. Ergo non dilexit Deum plusquam seipsum, et super omnia.	2. Further, so to love God is the human mind’s greatest preparation for attainting grace. However, the first man in that state is held not to have had grace but only natural endowments. Therefore, he did not love God more than himself and above all things.
Praeterea, natura in se recurva est, quia scilicet omnia quae amat, retorquet ad se. Sed propter quod unumquodque tale, et illud magis. Ergo naturali dilectione plus diligebat seipsum quam Deum: non ergo diligebat Deum super omnia.	3. Moreover, nature curves back upon itself, since it channels back to itself all things that it loves. But the adequate cause of each thing is of like kind only more so. Therefore, by natural love he loved himself more than God, so he did not love God above all things.
Sed contra, si non diligebat Deum plus quam seipsum: aut ergo minus se, aut aequaliter sibi; et utroque modo sequitur quod seipso homo frueretur, dum se non referret in Deum. Frui autem seipso inducit perversitatem peccati, ut Augustinus dicit. Ergo primus homo in statu innocentiae iam erat perversus per peccatum: quod est impossibile. Sequitur ergo ut diligeret Deum super omnia.	But to the contrary: if he did not love God more than himself, either he loved him less than himself or equally with himself. In each way it follows that man took pleasure in himself while he did not refer himself to God. However, taking pleasure in oneself brings the perversity of sin, as Augustine says. Therefore, the first man in the state of innocence was already perverted through sin, which is impossible. So it follows that he loved God above all things.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod si homo fuit factus in gratia, ut ex verbis Basilii et Augustini haberi potest, quaestio ista locum non habet. Manifestum est enim quod existens in gratia, per caritatem diligit Deum supra seipsum. Sed quia possibile fuit Deo ut hominem faceret in puris naturalibus, utile est considerare ad quantum se dilectio naturalis extendere possit.	I answer: it must be said that if man was made in grace, as can be seen from the words of Basil and Augustine, the question is pointless. For it is clear that someone who is in a state of grace loves God through charity above himself. But because it was possible for God to make man with purely natural endowments, it is useful to consider how much natural love could be extended.
Dixerunt ergo quidam, quod homo vel Angelus, in puris naturalibus existens, diligit Deum plusquam seipsum naturali dilectione secundum amorem concupiscentiae, quia scilicet bono divino magis frui desiderat tamquam maiori et suaviori; sed secundum amorem amicitiae naturaliter homo plus diligit seipsum quam Deum. Est enim amor concupiscentiae quo dicimur amare illud quo volumus uti vel frui, sicut vinum, vel aliquod huiusmodi; amor autem amicitiae est quo dicimur amare amicum, cui volumus bonum.	Some said that a man or an angel existing in a purely natural state loves God more than himself by a natural love according to the love of desire, because he desires more the enjoyment of the divine good as something higher and sweeter. But a man naturally loves himself more than God according to the love of friendship. It is by the love of desire that we are said to love that which we want to use or enjoy, such as wine or some such thing; however, the love of friendship is that by which we are said to love a friend to whom we wish good.
Sed ista positio stare non potest. Dilectio enim naturalis est quaedam naturalis inclinatio indita naturae a Deo. Nihil autem naturale est perversum. Impossibile est ergo quod aliqua naturalis inclinatio vel dilectio sit perversa: perversa autem dilectio est ut aliquis dilectione amicitiae diligat plus se quam Deum. Non potest ergo talis dilectio esse naturalis. Dicendum est ergo, quod diligere Deum super omnia plus quam seipsum, est naturale non solum Angelo et homini, sed etiam cuilibet creaturae, secundum quod potest amare aut sensibiliter aut naturaliter. Inclinationes enim naturales maxime cognosci possunt in his quae naturaliter aguntur absque rationis deliberatione; sic enim agit unumquodque in natura, sicut aptum natum est agi. Videmus autem quod unaquaeque pars naturali quadam inclinatione operatur ad bonum totius, etiam cum periculo aut detrimento proprio: ut patet cum aliquis manum exponit gladio ad defensionem capitis, ex quo dependet salus totius corporis. Unde naturale est ut quaelibet pars suo modo plus amet totum quam seipsam. Unde et secundum hanc naturalem inclinationem, et secundum politicam virtutem, bonus civis mortis periculo se exponit pro bono communi. Manifestum est autem quod Deus est bonum commune totius universi et omnium partium eius. Unde quaelibet creatura suo modo naturaliter plus amat Deum quam seipsam: insensibilia quidem naturaliter, bruta vero animalia sensitive, creatura vero rationalis per intellectivum amorem, quae dilectio dicitur.	This position cannot stand, for natural love is a kind of natural inclination engrafted in a nature by God. But nothing natural is perverse, therefore it is impossible for any natural inclination or love to be perverse. Since it is a perverse love for someone to love himself more than god by the love of friendship, such a love cannot be natural. So we must say that to love God above all things and more than oneself is natural not only for an angel and a man but also for any creature according as it can love sensitively and naturally, for natural inclinations can especially be known in these things which are done naturally without the deliberation of reason. For in this way everything in nature is born to act as is fitting. But we see that any part, by a kind of natural inclination, works for the good of the whole, even to its own danger or detriment, for example, when someone exposes his hand to a sword to defend his head on which his whole body’s health depends. So it is natural that any part in its way loves the whole more than itself. And also according to this natural inclination and according to political virtue, the good citizen faces the danger of death for the common good. But it is clear that God is the common good of the whole universe and of all its parts, so any creature in its way naturally loves God more than itself─insensible things do so naturally, brute animals sensitively, rational creatures through the intellectual love which is called love (dilectio).
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod diligere Deum prout est principium totius esse, ad naturalem dilectionem pertinet; sed diligere Deum prout est obiectum beatitudinis, est gratuitae dilectionis, in qua meritum consistit. Nec tamen necessarium est ut in hoc sustineamus sententiam Magistri dicentis, quod homo in primo statu non habuit gratiam per quam mereri posset.	To the first it must therefore be said that to love God as the principle of all being pertains to natural love, but to love God as the object of beatitude pertains to he gratuitous love in which merit consists. However, it is not necessary that we sustain in this matter the opinion of the Master who said that man in the first state did not have the grace through which he could merit.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod naturali dilectione qua Deus super omnia naturaliter diligitur, potest aliquis magis et minus uti; et quando in summo fuerit, tunc est summa praeparatio ad gratiam habendam.	To the second it must be said that someone can make more or less use of the natural love by which God is naturally loved above all things, and when he uses it in the highest way there is the supreme preparation for having grace.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod inclinatio rei naturalis est ad duo: scilicet ad moveri, et ad agere. Illa autem inclinatio naturae quae est ad moveri, in seipsa recurva est, sicut ignis movetur sursum propter sui conservationem. Sed illa inclinatio naturae quae est ad agere, non est recurva in seipsa: non enim ignis agit ad generandum ignem propter seipsum, sed propter bonum generati, quod est forma eius; et ulterius propter bonum commune quod est conservatio speciei. Unde patet quod non universaliter verum est quod omnis dilectio naturalis sit in se recurva.	To the third it must be said that the natural inclination of a thing is to two things: to motion and to action. Now that natural inclination to motion curves back on itself just as fire moves upwards for the sake of its conservation, but that natural inclination to action does not curve back on itself, for fire does not act to generate fire for its own sake but for the good of what is generated which is its form, and further for the common good which is the conservation of the species. Hence it is clear that it is not universally true that every natural love curves back on itself.

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Deinde quaerebatur de his quae pertinent ad bonum gratiae.	Question 5: [Then the question arises about things that pertain to the goodness of grace:
Et primo de his quae pertinent ad ipsum bonum gratiae. Secundo de his quae pertinent ad malum culpae, quod ei opponitur. Circa ea vero quae ad omnes pertinent, quaerebatur de duabus partibus poenitentiae.	First about what pertains to the very goodness of grace Secondly about what pertains to the evil of guilt, which is opposed to it. Concerning what pertains to both, a question arises about the two parts of penance.]
Primo de contritione, utrum scilicet contritus teneatur velle magis esse in Inferno quam peccare.	[First on Contrition, whether the contrite person must prefer to be in hell rather than sin.]
Secundo de confessione.	[Secondly, on confession]
Articulus Utrum contritus teneatur velle magis esse in Inferno quam peccare	Article Whether a contrite person ought to prefer being in hell to sinning?
Ad primum sic procedebatur: videtur quod contritus non debeat magis velle esse in Inferno quam peccare.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that a contrite person ought not to prefer being in hell to sinning.
Poena enim Inferni est aeterna et irremediabilis. De peccato autem potest liberari per poenitentiam. Ergo magis debet velle peccare quam in Inferno esse.	1. For the punishment of hell is eternal and irremediable. But he can be freed from sin through repentance. Therefore, he ought to prefer sinning to being in hell.
Praeterea, poena Inferni includit culpam; una enim de poenis Inferni est vermis, id est conscientiae remorsus de culpa. Culpa autem non includit poenam Inferni. Ergo magis est eligenda culpa quam poena Inferni.	2. Further, the punishment of hell includes guilt, for one of the punishments of hell is the worm, i.e. remorse of conscience concerning a sin, but guilt does not include the punishment or hell. Therefore, sin is to be preferred to the punishment of hell.
Sed contra, est quod Anselmus dicit in Lib. de similitudinibus, quod aliquis debet magis eligere esse in Inferno sine culpa quam in Paradiso cum culpa; quia innocens in Inferno non sentiret poenam, et peccator in Paradiso non gauderet de gloria.	But to the contrary: Anselm says in De similitudinibus that someone ought to prefer being in hell without sin to being in paradise with sin, because an innocent person in hell would not feel the punishment and a sinner in paradise would not enjoy the glory.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod contritus tenetur in generali velle pati magis quamcumque poenam quam peccare; et hoc ideo quia contritio non potest esse sine caritate, per quam omnia dimittuntur peccata. Ex caritate enim plus homo diligit Deum quam seipsum; peccare autem est facere contra Deum; puniri autem est aliquid pati contra seipsum; unde caritas hoc requirit ut quamlibet poenam homo contritus praeeligat culpae.	I answer: it must be said that in general, a contrite person is bound to prefer suffering any punishment to sinning because there can be no contrition without the charity through which all sins are renounced. From charity a man loves God more than himself, but sinning is acting against God. Now to be punished is to suffer something against oneself. So charity requires that a contrite person prefer any punishment to guilt.
Sed in speciali descendere ad hanc poenam vel ad illam non tenetur; quinimmo stulte faceret, si quis seipsum vel alium sollicitaret super huiusmodi particularibus poenis. Manifestum est enim quod sicut delectabilia plus movent in particulari considerata quam in communi; ita terribilia plus terrent, si in particulari considerentur; et aliqui sunt qui minori tentatione non cadunt, qui forte maiori caderent: sicut aliquis audiens adulterium, non incitatur ad libidinem; sed si per considerationem descendit ad singulas illecebras, magis movetur. Et similiter aliquis non refugeret pati mortem pro Christo; sed si descenderet ad considerandum singulas poenas, magis retraheretur; et ideo descendere in talibus ad singula, est inducere hominem in tentationem, et praebere occasionem peccandi.	But in a particular case he is not bound to descend to a consideration of this or that punishment. Rather someone would act foolishly if he were to worry himself or another over such particular punishments. For it is clear that just as desirable things move one more when considered in particular than when considered in general, so do terrible things frighten more if considered in particular. And there are some people who do not fall to a lesser temptation who would perhaps fall to a greater one, e.g. someone who just hears of adultery is not incited to lust, but if in thought he descended to considering particular allurements e would be moved more. Likewise someone might not run away from undergoing death for Christ, but if he were to descend to considering individual punishments he would be more restrained from doing it. And therefore, to descend to a consideration of such particulars is to lead a man to temptation and to supply an occasion for sinning.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod culpa etiam mortalis de se perpetua est, sed ex sola Dei misericordia remedium habet. Praeterea plus praeponderat bonum divinum, contra quod agit culpa, bono naturae creatae, cui opponitur poena, quam perpetuitas poenae temporalitati culpae.	Therefore, it must be said to the first that deadly guilt is also of itself perpetual, but it can be cured by God’s mercy alone. Moreover, the divine good against which guilt acts more outweighs the good of a created nature to which the punishment is opposed than the perpetuity of the punishment outweighs the temporality of guilt.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod remorsus conscientiae non est culpa, sed consequens ad culpam, et posset esse sine culpa, ut in eo qui habet conscientiam errantem de praeterito commisso; sicut si aliquis credit aliquid a se prius commissum esse illicitum, quod tamen licitum erat, et ipse dum faceret licitum reputabat.	To the second, it must be said that remorse of conscience is not guilt, but the consequence of guilt could arise without guilt, as in the case of one who has an erring conscience from a past act of commission, e.g. if someone believes some act he committed before was unlawful when, however, it was permissible, and he himself reckoned it permissible while he committed it.

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Deinde circa confessionem quaerebantur tria.	Question 6: Then three questions were asked about confession:
Primo utrum sufficiat quod aliquis scripto confiteatur, an oportet quod confiteatur verbo.	1. Whether it is sufficient for someone to confess by writing, or is it necessary for him to confess by spoken word?
Secundo an aliquis teneatur statim confiteri habita opportunitate, vel possit expectare usque ad Quadragesimam.	2. Whether someone is bound to confess immediately when there is opportunity or can he wait until Lent?
Tertio utrum presbyter parochialis debeat credere suo parochiano dicenti se alteri confessum, et dare ei Eucharistiam, vel non.	3. Whether a parish priest ought to believe his subject when he says he confessed to another priest and give him the Eucharist?
Utrum sufficiat quod aliquis scripto confiteatur, an oportet quod confiteatur verbo	Article 1: Whether it is sufficient for someone to confess by writing, or is it necessary for him to confess by spoken word?
Ad primum sic procedebatur: videtur quod sufficiat, si aliquis confiteatur scripto. Confessio enim requiritur ad manifestationem peccati. Sed peccatum manifestari potest scripto sicut et verbo. Ergo sufficit, si confiteatur scripto.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that it is sufficient for someone to confess in writing. For confession is required for the manifestation of a sin, but a sin can be manifested in writing as well as by spoken word. Therefore, it suffices if he confesses in writing.
Sed contra, est quod dicitur Rom. X, 10: ore (...) confessio fit ad salutem.	But to the contrary: in Romans 10:10 it is said, “Confession is made orally for salvation.”
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod confessio est quoddam sacramentale. Sicut enim in Baptismo requiritur aliquid ex parte ministri, scilicet ut abluat et proferat, et aliquid ex parte suscipientis sacramentum, ut scilicet intendat et abluatur; ita in sacramento poenitentiae ex parte sacerdotis requiritur quod absolvat sub aliqua forma verborum; ex parte vero poenitentis requiritur quod se clavibus Ecclesiae subiiciat, peccata sua per confessionem manifestans. De necessitate ergo sacramenti est quod sua peccata manifestet; et contra hoc nullus dispensare posset, sicut nec contra Baptismum. Sed quod fiat manifestatio verbo, non est de necessitate sacramenti; alioquin nulla necessitate posset aliter aliquis effectum huius sacramenti percipere, nisi ore confitendo: quod patet esse falsum. Nam mutis, vel quibuscumque qui verbo confiteri non possunt, sufficit scripto vel nutibus confiteri. Nulla autem necessitate potest aliquis baptizari nisi aqua, propter hoc quod aqua est de necessitate sacramenti.	I answer: it must be said that confession is part of a sacrament. So just as in baptism something is required on the minister’s part, namely that he cleanse and speak the words, and something on the part of the one submitting to the sacrament, namely that he intend to and be cleansed, so in the sacrament of penance it is required on the priest’s part that he absolve under some form of words, on he penitent’s part it is required that he subject himself to the keys of the Church, manifesting his sins through confession. Therefore, it is essential to the sacrament that he manifest his sins, and no one may dispense from this as neither may anyone dispense from baptism. But it is not essential to the sacrament that the manifestation be made by spoken word, otherwise no one could receive the effect of this sacrament in any case of necessity except by confessing orally, which is clearly false, for it is sufficient for mutes or for anyone who cannot confess orally to confess by writing or gestures. However, in no case of necessity can anyone be baptized except by water, because water is essential to the sacrament.
Sed ex institutione Ecclesiae tenetur homo qui potest, ut verbo confiteatur: non solum propter hoc ut ore confitens confitendo magis erubescat, ut qui ore peccat, ore purgetur; sed etiam semper in omnibus sacramentis accipitur id cuius est communior usus: sicut in sacramentali ablutione Baptismi accipitur aqua, qua homines communius utuntur ad abluendum, et in Eucharistia panis, qui est communior cibus: unde et in manifestatione peccatorum convenit uti verbis, quibus homines communius et expressius suos conceptus significare consueverunt.	But from the Church’s decree a man who can is bound to confess by spoken word, not only because the one confessing orally blushes more in confessing so that he who sins orally is cleansed orally, but also because in all the sacraments that whose use is more common is always accepted. So in the sacramental cleansing of baptism water, which men more commonly use to wash with, is accepted, and in the Eucharist bread, which is a rather common food, and so also in the manifestation of sins it is fitting to use spoken words by which men are more commonly and with more clarity accustomed to signify their concepts.
Et attendendum est, quod in hoc sacramento non imprimitur character, sed solum confertur gratia ad remissionem peccati, quam remissionem nullus consequitur peccando. Peccat autem qui ordinationem Ecclesiae praetermittit. Unde in Baptismo qui servat ea quae sunt de necessitate sacramenti, praetermittens statuta Ecclesiae, consequitur characterem sacramenti, sed non sacramenti effectum; hic autem nihil consequitur.	And in this sacrament a character is not imprinted, but grace for the remission of sin alone is conferred, which no one obtains by sinning. However, he who ignores the Church’s degrees sins; so in baptism he who preserves what is essential to the sacrament while overlooking the laws of the Church obtains the character of the sacrament but here, however, nothing follows.
Rationes autem quae ad utramque partem inducuntur, non multum cogunt. Nam neque manifestatio ita expresse potest fieri scripto sicut verbo; neque quod dicitur: ore confessio fit ad salutem, intelligitur de confessione peccatorum, sed de confessione fidei.	However, the reasons which are introduced for both sides are not very compelling. For manifestation of sins cannot be so expressly done in writing as in spoken words, nor is what is said in Confession is made orally for salvation” meant with regard to the confession of sins, but rather with regard to the confession of faith.

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Articulus 2 An aliquis teneatur statim confiteri habita opportunitate, vel possit expectare usque ad Quadragesimam	Article 2 Whether someone is bound to confess immediately when there is opportunity or can he wait till Lent?
Circa secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod aliquis possit differre confessionem usque ad Quadragesimam.	Concerning the second we proceed as follows: It seems that someone can delay confession until Lent.
Quicumque enim servat praeceptum Ecclesiae, non delinquit. Sed Ecclesia statuit quod semel in anno homines propria peccata confiteantur. Ergo si aliquis expectat usque ad terminum ab Ecclesia constitutum, non peccat.	1. For whoever keeps the teaching of the Church is not delinquent. But the Church established that men should confess their own sins once a year. Therefore, if someone waits till the term established by the Church he does not sin.
Praeterea, Baptismus est sacramentum necessitatis, sicut et poenitentia. Sed catechumenus non peccat, si differat Baptismum usque ad sabbatum sanctum. Ergo pari ratione nec contritus peccat, si differat confessionem usque ad Quadragesimam.	2. Moreover, baptism is a sacrament of necessity as penance is also. But a catechumen does not sin if he delays baptism until Holy Saturday. Therefore, for the same reason neither does a contrite person sin if he delays confession until Lent.
Praeterea, maioris necessitatis est contritio quam confessio. Sed confessio sine contritione non valet ad salutem; contritio autem sine confessione potest in aliquo casu valere. Sed ille qui est in peccato, non tenetur statim conteri contritione quae delet peccatum; alioquin peccator per singula momenta peccaret. Ergo nec contritus tenetur statim confiteri, ita quod peccet, si secus agat.	3. Further, contrition is more necessary than confession. But confession without contrition is not strong enough for salvation, though contrition without confession can be strong enough in some cases. Now he who is in sin is not bound to be penitent immediately by the contrition which abolishes sin, otherwise the sinner would sin in every moment. Therefore, neither is the contrite person bound to confess immediately with the result that if he does otherwise he sins.
Sed contra, magis est subveniendo morbo spirituali quam morbo corporali. Sed aliquis subiectus morbo corporali, periculo se committeret, nisi remedium medicinae quaereret quam cito posset; et ex negligentia peccaret. Multo ergo magis peccat qui differt remedium confessionis adhibere contra spiritualem morbum peccati.	But to the contrary, a spiritual disease is more to be relieved than a physical disease. But someone subject to a physical disease would endanger himself unless he sought the remedy of medicine as quickly as he could, and he would sin from negligence. Therefore, all the more does he sin who delays to apply the remedy of confession against the spiritual disease of sin.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod laudabile est quod peccator quam citius commode potest, peccatum suum confiteatur; quia per sacramentum poenitentiae confertur gratia, quae hominem reddit magis firmum ad resistendum peccato. Quidam autem dixerunt quod tenetur confiteri, quam cito opportunitas confitendi se obtulerit; ita quod si differat, peccat. Sed hoc est contra rationem praecepti affirmativi, quod licet obliget semper, non tamen obligat ad semper, sed pro loco et tempore. Tempus autem implendi praeceptum de confessione videtur quando imminet aliquis casus in quo necesse est homini quod sit confessus: puta si immineat ei mortis articulus, vel necessitas accipiendi Eucharistiam aut sacrum ordinem, vel aliquid huiusmodi, ad quod oportet hominem per confessionem purgatum praeparari; unde si aliquid horum immineat, et aliquis confiteri praetermittat, peccat, dummodo debita opportunitas adsit. Et quia ex praecepto Ecclesiae omnes fideles tenentur saltem semel in anno, in festo Paschae praecipue, sacramenti communionem accipere, ideo Ecclesia ordinavit ut semel in anno, quando imminet tempus accipiendi Eucharistiam, omnes fideles confiteantur. Dico ergo, quod differre confessionem usque ad hoc tempus, per se loquendo, licitum est; sed per accidens potest fieri illicitum: puta si immineat aliquis articulus in quo confessio requiratur, vel si aliquis propter contemptum confessionem differat. Et similiter per accidens posset esse talis dilatio meritoria, si ad hoc differret, ut prudentiori confiteretur, vel devotius propter sacrum tempus.	I answer: it must be said that it is laudable for the sinner to confess his sin as quickly as he conveniently can because a grace is conferred through the sacrament of penance which makes a man stronger in resisting sin. However, some said that he is bound to confess as quickly as the opportunity of confessing offered itself so that if he delays he sins. This is against the intelligible structure of an affirmative precept which, although it obliges always, does not however oblige for always but obliges for a fixed place and time. Now the time for fulfilling the precept concerning confession is when an occasion is imminent in which it is necessary for a man to confess, e.g. if the moment of death is imminent, or the necessity of receiving the Eucharist or Holy Orders or the like, for which it is necessary for a man to be prepared by being cleansed through confession. So if one of these events is imminent and someone neglects confession, he sins as long as a due opportunity is present. And because from the Church’s precept all believers are bound to take the communion of the sacrament at least once a year, on the feast of Easter especially, therefore the Church decreed that once a year when the time for taking the Eucharist is near all believers should confess. Therefore, I say that delaying confession until this time, essentially speaking, is permitted, but it can become unlawful accidentally, e.g. if a moment in which confession is required should be near, or if someone delays confession out of contempt. And likewise such a delay may be accidentally meritorious if he delays so that he may confess more prudently or more devoutly because of the holy season.
Primas ergo rationes concedimus.	Therefore we concede the first reasons.
Ad illud vero quod in contrarium obiicitur, dicendum quod morbus corporalis, nisi per medicinae remedium extinguatur, semper invalescit in peius, nisi forte etiam virtute naturae fuerit extinctus; morbus autem peccati extinguitur per contritionem; unde non est simile.	To that which is objected to the contrary side, it must be said that a physical disease, unless it is extinguished through the remedy of medicine, always grows worse if it is not perhaps also extinguished by natural power. However, the disease of sin is extinguished through contrition; so it is not a similar case.

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Articulus 3 Utrum presbyter parochialis debeat credere suo parochiano dicenti se alteri confessum, et dare ei Eucharistiam, vel non	Article 3 Whether a parish priest ought to believe his subject when he says he confessed to another and give him the Eucharist?
Ad tertium sic proceditur: videtur quod sacerdos parochialis non debeat credere suo subdito dicenti se alteri esse confessum, ut propter hoc ei Eucharistiam det.	On the third we proceed as follows: It seems that a parish priest ought not to believe his subject when he says he confessed to another and give him the Eucharist because of this.
Frequenter enim sola confessione aliqui conteruntur, qui prius contriti non fuerunt. Sed sacerdos debet subditum suum, quantum potest, ad bonum inducere. Ergo videtur quod omnino ab eo expetere debeat quod sibi confiteatur.	1. For frequently some persons are made contrite by confession alone who were not contrite before. But a priest ought to lead his subject to good insofar as he is able. Therefore it seems he ought absolutely to ask his subject to confess to him.
Praeterea, Prov. XXVII, 23, dicitur pastori Ecclesiae: diligenter agnosce vultum pecoris tui. Sed hoc nullo modo melius potest quam per confessionem. Ergo debet ab eo exigere quod sibi confitetur.	2. Moreover, Proverbs 27:33 tells the pastor of a church, “Be diligent in knowing the appearance of your flock.” But this cannot be done better than through confession. Therefore, he ought to demand from the subject that he confess to him.
Sed contra, si sibi confiteretur, posset dicere quae vellet, et crederetur ei. Ergo etiam hoc sibi debet credi, quod sit confessus.	But to the contrary: if he confesses to him, the subject could say what he wanted and the priest would believe him. Therefore, the priest ought also believe that he confessed.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod in foro iudiciali creditur homini contra se, sed non pro se; in foro autem poenitentiae creditur homini pro se et contra se. Est ergo distinguendum, quod dupliciter fit impedimentum quo aliquis a perceptione Eucharistiae impediatur. Si enim sit impedimentum ad forum iudiciale pertinens, puta excommunicatio, non tenetur sacerdos suo subdito credere, quem excommunicatum novit, nisi sibi de absolutione constet. Si autem sit impedimentum quod ad forum poenitentiae pertineat, scilicet peccatum, tenetur ei credere; et iniuste agit, si deneget Eucharistiam ei qui perhibet se confessum et absolutum ab eo qui absolvere potuit vel auctoritate apostolica vel auctoritate episcopi.	I answer: It must be said that in the judicial tribunal a man is believed when he speaks against but not for himself. However, in the tribunal of penance a man is believed when he speaks for an against himself. Therefore, a distinction must be made because there may be an impediment hindering someone from taking the Eucharist in two ways. For if there is an impediment pertaining to the judicial tribunal, e.g. excommunication, the priest is not bound to believe his subject whom he knew to be excommunicate unless his absolution is evident to him. If, however, there is an impediment which pertains to the tribunal of penance, namely sin, he is bound to believe him and acts unjustly if he denies the Eucharist to one who says he confessed and was absolved by one who could absolve by apostolic authority or the authority of the bishop.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod illud bonum quod in confessione homines consequuntur iam consecutus est ille qui confessum se dicit, si verum dicit: si autem falsum dicit, pari ratione posset falsum dicere confitendo. Nec potest aliquis alicuius hominis auctoritate compelli ad confitendum peccatum quod alteri confessus est qui absolvere potuit: quia, sicut iam dictum est, confessio peccatorum quoddam sacramentale est, divino imperio subiacens, non humano.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that that good which men attain in confession the person who says he confessed has already obtained if he speaks truly; if however he speaks falsely, in like manner he could speak falsely in confessing. Nor can anyone be compelled by any man’s authority to confess a sin which was confessed to another who could absolve it because, as was already said, the confession of sins is a part of a sacrament subject to divine and not human command.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod spiritualis pastor vultum pecoris sui debet diligenter agnoscere, considerando exterius vitam eius; sed per modum confessionis non potest diligentius scrutari, sed oportet quod credat ea quae sibi a suo subdito dicuntur.	To the second it must be said that a spiritual pastor ought diligently to recognize the appearance of his flock by considering its exterior life. But he cannot investigate more diligently than by way of confession, hence it is necessary for him to believe those things which are said to him by his subject.

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Articulus 7 Deinde quaerebantur duo de his quae pertinent ad clericos.	Question 7 Then two questions were asked concerning these matters which pertain to clerics:
Primo de officio Ecclesiae; utrum ille qui est praebendatus in duabus Ecclesiis, in die quo diversum officium fit in utraque Ecclesia debeat utrumque officium dicere.	1. concerning the office of the Church, whether one who has prebends in two churches ought to recite both offices on the day on which diverse offices are performed in each church?
Secundo de studio theologiae; utrum aliquis teneatur dimittere studium theologiae etiam si sit aptus ad alios docendum, ad hoc quod intendat saluti animarum.	2. concerning the study of theology, whether someone is bound to give up the study of theology, even if he is suited to teaching others, in order to devote himself to the salvation of souls?
Utrum ille qui est praebendatus in duabus Ecclesiis, in die quo diversum officium fit in utraque Ecclesia debeat utrumque officium dicere	Article 1: Whether one who has prebends in two churches ought to recite both offices on the day on which diverse offices are performed in each church?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod aliquis in tali casu debeat utrumque officium dicere.	On the first we proceed as follows: It seems that someone in such a case ought to recite both offices.
Onus enim debet respondere emolumento. Ille ergo qui habet emolumentum praebendae in duabus Ecclesiis, debet onus sufferre utriusque, ut scilicet utriusque Ecclesiae officium dicat.	1. For a burden ought to correspond to an emolument. Therefore one who has the emolument of a prebend in two churches ought to bear the burden of each by reciting the office of each church.
Praeterea, iustum esse videtur ut si habet maius emolumentum ab una Ecclesia, in quo forte cantatur prolixius officium, quod etiam maius onus subeat prolixius officium dicendo. Non ergo ad eum pertinet electio; sed vel debet utrumque dicere, vel debet dicere officium Ecclesiae in qua habet pinguius beneficium.	2. Further, it seems just that if he has a greater emolument from one church in which perhaps a more extensive office is chanted, that he also take on a greater burden by reciting the more extensive office. Therefore, the choice is not his but either he ought to recite both or he ought o recite the office of the church in which he has the more lucrative benefice.
Sed in contrarium inducebatur consuetudo.	Custom was adduced to the contrary.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod supposito quod aliquis licite sit praebendatus in duabus Ecclesiis, scilicet ex dispensatione, considerandum est, quod ille qui in aliqua Ecclesia praebendam accepit, duobus obligatur: scilicet Deo, ut ei debitas laudes exsolvat pro eius beneficiis; et Ecclesiae, de qua accipit sumptus. Ea vero quae ad Ecclesiam pertinent, subiacent dispensationi praelatorum Ecclesiae: et ideo hoc debitum quod debet Ecclesiae debet exsolvere secundum quod statutum est: vel per seipsum, si sit praebenda quae requirat residentiam; vel per vicarium, si hoc sufficiat secundum Ecclesiae statutum ac consuetudinem. Sed debitum quod debet Deo, per seipsum debet exsolvere. Non refert autem quantum ad Deum quibus Psalmis et hymnis Deum laudet, ut puta, utrum dicat in vesperis: dixit dominus, vel, laudate, pueri, dominum, nisi quantum ad hoc quod homo debet sequi maiorum traditiones. Et quia laudes Deo debet quasi unus homo, sufficit quod semel officium dicat secundum consuetudinem alicuius Ecclesiarum quarum est clericus. Sed de electione officii rationabiliter videtur quod debeat dicere officium illius Ecclesiae in qua maiorem gradum habet, puta si in una sit decanus, et in alia simplex canonicus, debet dicere officium Ecclesiae in qua est decanus. Quod si in utraque Ecclesia fuerit simplex canonicus, debet dicere officium dignioris Ecclesiae, quamvis forte in minori Ecclesia habet opulentiorem praebendam; quia temporalia nullius momenti sunt spiritualibus comparata. Si vero ambae Ecclesiae sunt aequalis dignitatis, potest eligere quodcumque officium magis voluerit, si fuerit ab utraque Ecclesia absens; si autem fuerit in aliqua earum praesens, debet se conformare illis cum quibus conversatur.	I answer: It must be said that, on the supposition that someone is lawfully prebended in two churches, namely because of a dispensation, we must consider that someone who received a prebend in any church is obligated to two things, namely to God to pay the praises due for his benefices, and to the church from which he receives an income. Those things which pertain to a church are subject to the dispensation of the church prelates. And therefore, the debt which he owes the church he ought to pay according to what was stipulated either through himself if it is a prebend which requires residence, or trough a vicar if this suffices according to the statute and custom of the church. The debt which he owes God he ought to pay through himself, but it does not matter to God by which psalms and hymns he praises him, for example, whether he says in Vespers “Dixit Dominus” or “Laudate, pueri, Dominum,” except that a person ought to follow the traditions of his forebears. And because the praises he owes God he owes as one man, it suffices that he recite the office once according to the custom of one of the churches of which he is a cleric. Concerning the choice of office it seems reasonable that he should recite the office of that church in which he has the higher rank, e.g. if he is a dean in one and a simple canon in the other he ought to recite the office of the church in which he is a dean. If he is a simple canon in each church, he ought to recite the office of the church of higher dignity, although perhaps he has the more opulent prebend in the lesser church, because temporal matters are of no moment compared to spiritual matters. If indeed both churches are of equal dignity, he can choose whichever office he prefers if he is absent from both churches. However if he is present in one of them, he ought to conform himself to those with whom he is living.
Et per hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.	And so the answer to the objections is clear.

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Articulus 2 Utrum aliquis teneatur dimittere studium theologiae, etiam si aptus ad alios docendum, ad hoc quod intendat saluti animarum	Article 2 Whether someone is bound to give up the study of theology, even if he is suited to teaching others, in order to devote himself to the salvation of souls?
Ad secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod aliquis qui potest saluti animarum curam impendere, peccet, si circa studium tempus occupat.	On the second we proceed as follows: It seems that someone who can devote attention to the salvation of souls sins if he occupies his time in study.
Dicitur enim ad Galat. VI, 10: dum tempus habemus, operemur bonum; nulla etiam est gravior iactura quam temporis. Non debet ergo aliquis totum tempus in studio expendere, differens saluti animarum curam impendere.	1. For it is said in Galatians 6:10: “Let us do good while we have time.” Also, no loss is more serious than that of time. Therefore, no one ought to spend his whole time in study, delaying to devote attention to the salvation of souls.
Praeterea, perfecti tenentur ad id quod melius est. Sed religiosi sunt perfecti. Ergo maxime religiosi debent dimittere studium, ut saluti animarum insistant.	2. Moreover, the perfect are bound to do that which is better. But the religious are perfect, so they ought especially to give up study to devote themselves to the salvation of souls.
Praeterea, peius est errare in via morum quam in via pedum. Sed praelatus tenetur revocare suum subditum, si videat eum errare in via pedum. Ergo multo magis tenetur eum revocare ab errore qui est in via morum. Est autem error, si homo praetermittat quod melius est. Ergo praelatus debet subditum cogere ut saluti animarum intendat, studio praetermisso.	3. Further, it is worse to wander off the moral path than a footpath. But a prelate is bound to call his subject back if he sees him wander off the footpath. Therefore all the more is he bound to call him back from wandering off the moral path. But it is an error for a man to neglect what is better. Therefore a prelate ought to force a subject to apply his mind to the salvation of souls and neglect study.
In contrarium inducebatur consuetudo pro ratione.	On the contrary side, custom was brought in instead of reasoning.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod aliqua duo possunt comparari ad invicem et simpliciter et secundum aliquem casum. Nihil enim prohibet, casu esse minus eligendum; sicut philosophari est simpliciter melius quam ditari, sed in tempore necessitatis ditari est magis eligendum; et aliqua pretiosa margarita est carior uno pane, et tamen in aliquo casu famis, panis praeeligeretur, secundum illud Thren. I, 11: dederunt pretiosa quaeque pro cibo ad refocillandas animas.	I answer: It must be said that any two things can be compared with each other both absolutely and according to some particular case. For nothing prohibits that which is absolutely better from being the less preferred in some case, e.g. philosophizing is absolutely better than increasing your wealth, but in time of necessity the latter is to be preferred. And any precious pearl is dearer than one piece of bread, but in a case of hunger the bread is to be preferred to the pearl, according to Lamentations 1:11: “They gave all valuable things for food in order to revive their souls.”
Est autem considerandum, quod in quolibet artificio simpliciter melior est qui disponit de artificio, et dicitur architector, quam aliquis manualis qui opera exequitur secundum quod ei ab alio disponitur; unde et aedificiis construendis maiori mercede conducitur qui disponit de aedificio, licet nihil manibus operetur, quam manuales artifices, qui dolant ligna et incidunt lapides. In aedificio autem spirituali sunt quasi manuales operarii, qui particulariter insistunt curae animarum, puta sacramenta ministrando, vel aliquod huiusmodi particulariter agendo; sed quasi principales artifices sunt episcopi, qui imperant, et disponunt qualiter praedicti suum officium exequi debeant; propter quod et episcopi, id est superintendentes, dicuntur; et similiter theologiae doctores sunt quasi principales artifices, qui inquirunt et docent qualiter alii debeant salutem animarum procurare.	However, we must consider that in any art the one who arranges the art and is called the architect is absolutely better than any manual laborer who carries out what is arranged for him by another. So also in constructing buildings the one who arranges the building, although he does no work with his hands, is contracted for greater pay than the manual workers who hew the wood and cut the stones. But in a spiritual building there are the manual workers, as it were, who particularly pursue the direction of souls, e.g. by administering the sacraments or by doing some such thing in particular. But the bishops are like the principal artificers who command and arrange in what way the aforesaid workers ought to follow their office, because of which they are called “episcopi,” i.e. superintendents. And likewise teachers of theology are like principal artificers who inquire and teach how others ought to procure the salvation of souls.
Simpliciter ergo melius est docere sacram doctrinam, et magis meritorium, si bona intentione agatur, quam impendere particularem curam saluti huius et illius; unde apostolus de se dicit, I ad Corinth. I, 17: non enim misit me Christus baptizare, sed evangelizare; quamvis baptizare sit opus maxime conferens saluti animarum; et II ad Timoth., II, 2, idem apostolus: commenda fidelibus hominibus qui idonei erunt et alios docere. Ipsa etiam ratio demonstrat quod melius est erudire de pertinentibus ad salutem eos qui et in se et in aliis proficere possunt, quam simplices qui in se tantum proficere possunt.	Therefore it is absolutely better to teach theology and more meritorious if it is done with good intention, than to devote particular care to the salvation of this one and that. Whence the Apostle says concerning himself in 1 Cor 1:17:”For Christ did not send me to baptize but to teach the Gospel,” although baptizing is especially a work bearing on the salvation of souls. And in 2 Timothy 2:2, the same Apostle says, “Commit to faithful men who shall be qualified also to teach others.” Reason itself also demonstrates that it is better to teach those matters pertaining to salvation to them who can be of profit both to themselves and to others than the simple people who can be of use to themselves only.
In aliquo tamen casu necessitate imminente deberent et episcopi et doctores, intermisso proprio officio, particulariter intendere saluti animarum.	However, in a particular case where necessity requires, both bishops and teachers, having interrupted their own duties, ought to devote themselves particularly to the salvation of souls.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod nullam iacturam temporis patitur qui quod est melius operatur docendo sacram doctrinam, vel qui ad hoc per studium se disponit.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that someone who does what is better suffers no loss of time by teaching theology, nor does someone who disposes himself to this through study.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod perfectus dicitur aliquis dupliciter: uno modo quia habet perfectionem; alio modo quia habet statum perfectionis. Perfectio autem hominis in caritate consistit, quae hominem Deo coniungit; unde quantum ad dilectionem Dei dicitur Genes. cap. XVII, 1: ambula coram me, et esto perfectus; quantum vero ad dilectionem proximi, postquam dominus dixerat: dilige inimicos vestros, concludit, Matth. V, 48: estote ergo perfecti. Statum autem perfectionis habere dicuntur qui solemniter obligantur ad aliquid perfectioni annexum.	To the second it must be said that a person is called perfect because he has perfection or because he has a state of perfection. Now human perfection consists in the charity which joins a man to God. Hence Genesis 17:1 says concerning love of God: “Walk before me and be perfect.” Indeed the Lord says after wards concerning love of neighbor, “Love your enemies,” and in Matthew 5:48 he concludes, “Be therefore perfect.” They are said to have a state of perfection, however, who are solemnly obligated to something connected with perfection.
Est autem aliquid annexum perfectioni caritatis dupliciter. Uno modo sicut praeambulum et praeparatorium ad perfectionem, ut paupertas, castitas et huiusmodi, quibus homo retrahitur a curis saecularium rerum, ut liberius vacet his quae Dei sunt; unde huiusmodi magis sunt quaedam perfectionis instrumenta; propter quod Hieronymus, exponens illud verbum Petri dicentis, Matth. XIX, 27: ecce nos reliquimus omnia, et secuti sumus te, dicit, quod non sufficit Petro dicere: ecce nos reliquimus omnia; sed addidit quod perfectum est: et secuti sumus te. Quicumque ergo vel voluntariam paupertatem vel castitatem servant, habent quidem praeparatorium perfectionis, sed non dicuntur habere statum perfectionis, nisi qui se ex solemni professione ad huiusmodi obligant. Aliquid enim solemne et perpetuum dicitur habere statum; sicut patet in statu libertatis vel matrimonii, et similium.	Now something is connected with the perfection of charity in two ways. Something is connected in one way as a preamble and something preparatory to perfection, like poverty, chastity and such by which a man is drawn back from the care of worldly things so that he has more free time for those things which are God’s, whence such men are more completely instruments of perfection. Because of his Jerome, expounding the words of Peter who said in Matthew :27, “Behold we gave up all and followed you,” says that it is not sufficient for Peter to day “Behold we gave up all,” but he added what was perfect, “and followed you.” Therefore, those who preserve either voluntary poverty or chastity have indeed something preparatory to perfection but they are not said to have a state of perfection unless they obligate themselves to such a position by a solemn profession. Something solemn and perpetual is said to have a state, as is clear in the states of liberty, matrimony and the like.
Alio vero modo aliquid est annexum perfectioni caritatis ut effectus; ut scilicet aliquis curam animarum suscipiat: est enim perfectae caritatis ut aliquis propter Dei amorem praetermittat dulcedinem contemplativae vitae, quam magis amaret, et accipiat activae vitae occupationes ad procurandum proximorum salutem. Quicumque ergo hoc modo saluti proximorum intendit, habet quidem aliquem perfectionis effectum, sed non habet perfectionis statum nisi episcopus, qui cum quadam solemni consecratione suscipit animarum curam. Archidiaconi vero et parochiales presbyteri magis habent commissa quaedam officia quam quod per hoc in aliquo perfectionis statu ponantur. Soli ergo religiosi et episcopi dicuntur perfecti, quasi statum perfectionis habentes; unde religiosi fiunt episcopi, sed non archidiaconi vel plebani.	Something is connected to the perfection of charity in the other way as an effect, as when someone undertakes the direction of souls, for it pertains to perfect charity that someone out of love of God neglect the delight of the contemplative life which he loves more than the active and accept the occupations of the active life to procure the salvation of his neighbors. Therefore, he who applies himself in this way for the salvation of his neighbors has indeed an effect of perfection but not the state of perfection, except a bishop who, with a kind of solemn consecration, undertakes the direction of souls. Archdeacons and parish priests rather have certain duties committed to them than that they have been place through them in a state of perfection. Therefore, only religious and bishops are said to be perfect as having the state of perfection. Hence religious are made bishops, but they are not made archdeacons or parish priests.
Cum ergo dicitur quod perfecti tenentur ad id quod melius est, verum est si intelligatur de his qui dicuntur perfecti propter perfectionem caritatis. Huiusmodi enim obligantur ex lege interiori, quae inclinando obligat; unde ad hoc obligantur secundum mensuram suae perfectionis, quod implent. Si autem intelligatur de his qui dicuntur perfecti propter statum, sicut episcopi et religiosi, non est verum. Non enim tenentur episcopi nisi ad ea ad quae se extendit cura recepti regiminis; et religiosi non tenentur nisi ad ea ad quae obligantur ex voto suae professionis; alioquin esset obligatio ad infinitum, cum tamen natura et ars et omnis lex certos terminos habeant. Dato tamen quod perfecti semper tenentur ad id quod melius est, non esset ad propositum, sicut ex supradictis apparet.	So when it is said that perfect persons are obliged to do what is better, it is true if it be understood of those who are called perfect because of the perfection of charity, for such are obligated from an inner law which binds by inclining so that they are obligated to fulfilling it according to the measure of their perfection. However, if it be understood of those who are called perfect because of a state, such as bishops and religious, it is not true, for bishops are only bound to those things to which the charge of the governance undertaken extends, and religious are only bound to that to which they are obligated from the vow of their profession. Otherwise obligation would go on to infinity, but nature, art, and every law must have certain boundaries. Even given that the perfect are always bound to do that which is better, it would not be to the purpose as appears from what was said above.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod licet praelatus teneatur subditum suum revocare ab omni malo, non tamen tenetur eum inducere ad omne melius. Haec etiam ratio in proposito locum non habet, sicut nec aliae, et cetera.	To the third it must be said tat although a prelate may be bound to call his subject back from all evil, he is not bound to lead him to everything better. This reasoning too has no place in the argument, as neither do he others, etc.

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Articulus 8 Deinde quaerebantur duo de his quae pertinent ad religiosos.	Question 8 Then two questions were asked concerning those matters which pertain to religious:
Primo utrum religiosus teneatur obedire suo praelato, ut revelet sibi aliquod secretum quod fidei suae est commissum.	1. whether a religious is bound to obey his prelate so as to reveal to him a secret which was committed to his trust?
Secundo utrum teneatur sibi obedire, ut revelet occultam culpam fratris quam novit.	2. whether he is bound to obey him so as to reveal a hidden fault of a brother which he knows?
Utrum religiosus teneatur obedire suo praelato, ut revelet sibi aliquod secretum quod fidei suae est commissum	Article 1: Whether a religious is bound to obey his prelate so as to reveal to him a secret which was committed to his trust?
Circa primum sic proceditur: videtur quod religiosus teneatur aliquod secretum fidei suae commissum revelare praelato praecipienti.	Concerning the first, we proceed as follows: It seems that a religious is bound to reveal to a prelate commanding it any secret committed to his trust.
Ad obediendum enim praelato obligavit se religiosus professione solemni; ad tenendum autem secretum obligavit se simplici promissione. Ergo magis debet obedire praelato quam servare secretum.	For by a solemn profession a religious bound himself to obey the prelate but he bound himself by a simple promise to keep the secret. Therefore, he ought to obey the prelate rather than keep the secret.
Sed contra, est quod Bernardus dicit: id quod est institutum propter caritatem, non militat contra caritatem. Sed professio obedientiae, quam religiosus facit praelato, instituta est propter caritatem. Ergo non militat contra caritatem, qua quilibet tenetur servare fidem proximo.	But to the contrary: Bernard says that what was instituted for the sake of charity does not militate against charity. But the profession of obedience which a religious makes to a prelate was instituted for the sake of charity. Therefore it does not militate against the charity by which anyone is bound to keep a neighbor’s trust.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod, sicut Bernardus dicit in Lib. de dispensatione et praecepto, sufficiens obedientia est ut religiosus obediat suo praelato de his quae ad regulam pertinent vel directe, sicut ea quae sunt scripta in regula, vel indirecte, sicut ea quae ad haec reduci possunt: sicut ministeria exhibenda fratribus, et poenae pro culpis inflictae, et huiusmodi. Perfecta autem obedientia est ut simpliciter in omnibus obediat quae non sunt contra regulam vel contra Deum. Sed quod aliquis obediat praelato in his quae sunt contra Deum vel contra regulam, est obedientia incauta et illicita.	I answer: It must be said that, as Bernard says in De dispensatione et praecepto, it is sufficient obedience for a religious to obey his prelate concerning those matters which pertain to the rule either directly, such as those that are written in the rule, or indirectly, such as those which can be reduced to the former as are services produced for brothers and punishments inflicted for faults and the like. Now it is perfect obedience for him to obey simply in all matters which are not against the rule or against God, but it is a rash and impermissible obedience for someone to obey the prelate in these matters which are against God or against the rule.
Est ergo considerandum in proposito, utrum sit licitum religioso secretum fidei suae commissum revelare. Circa quod distinguendum est de secreto. Est enim aliquod secretum quod illicitum est celare: sicut quod in periculum vergit aliorum, quibus aliquis cavere tenetur; unde et in iuramento fidelitatis continetur quod huiusmodi servi secreta debeant dominis revelare. Ad praeceptum ergo praelati tenetur religiosus tale secretum pandere, etiam si promisit se non revelare, dicente Isidoro: in malis promissis rescinde fidem; nisi forte in confessione audierit, quia tunc nullo modo esset revelandum. Est autem aliud secretum quod de se celari potest sine peccato; et tale secretum religiosus nullo modo praelato praecipienti pandere debet, si sit fidei suae commissum; peccaret enim frangendo fidem commisso.	We must therefore consider in the case under question whether it is permissible for a religious to reveal a secret committed to his trust. A distinction must be made with regard to secrets. There is a kind of secret which it is not permissible to conceal, e.g. one that tends to the danger of others from whom one is bound to avert the danger. Whence it is even contained in the oath of fidelity that servants should reveal such secrets to their masters. Therefore, a religious is bound to make such a secret known on the prelate’s command, even if he promised not to reveal it─unless perhaps he heard it in confession, because then it must in no way be revealed. As Isidore says, “In cases of bad promises, break the faith. There is, however, another kind of secret which of itself can be concealed without sin, and such a secret a religious ought in no way to announce to the prelate commanding it if it is committed his trust, for he would sin in breaking the trust committed to him.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod solemnior est obligatio ad servandum ea quae sunt fidei et caritatis, quae est ex lege naturali, et ex promissione in Baptismo facta, quam ea quae sunt ex professione religionis.	To the first, it must therefore be said that the obligation which comes from natural law and the promise made in baptism to keep those matters which pertain to faith and charity, is a more solemn obligation than those which come from taking religious vows.

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Articulus 2 Utrum (religiosus) teneatur obedire (praelato suo) ut revelet culpam fratris quam novit	Article 2: Whether a religious is bound to obey his prelate so as to reveal a fault of a brother which he knows?
Circa secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod subditus debeat praelato praecipienti revelare culpam occultam alterius fratris.	Concerning the second, we proceed as follows: It seems that a subject ought to reveal the hidden fault of another brother to the prelate commanding it.
Quia, ut Hieronymus dicit, non debet occultari culpa unius in praeiudicium multorum. Sed praesumendum est quod praelatus culpam unius cognoscere velit propter multitudinis bonum. Ergo praelato praecipienti debet culpa alterius revelari.	Because, as Jerome says, the fault of one ought not to be hidden to the damage of the many. But it must be presumed that the prelate wants to know the fault of one for the sake of the good of the many. Therefore the fault of another should be revealed o a prelate commanding it.
Sed contra, est quod Gregorius dicit, quod etsi aliquando propter obedientiam debemus aliqua bona dimittere, nullo tamen modo propter obedientiam debemus aliquod malum perpetrare. Sed malum esse videtur, culpam occultam detegendo, alium infamare. Ergo hoc propter obedientiam fieri non debet.	But to the contrary: Gregory says that even if we ought sometimes to abandon some good for the sake of obedience, we ought in no way to perpetrate something bad for the sake of obedience. But dishonoring another by revealing a hidden sin seems to be bad. Therefore this should not be done for the sake of obedience.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod religiosus praelatus in capitulo praeest sicut iudex ecclesiasticus in foro iudiciali; unde ad ea potest ex praecepto subditos obligare ut ei pandantur, propter quae potest iudex ecclesiasticus in foro iudiciali iuramentum exigere. Est ergo sciendum, quod in criminibus triplex est modus procedendi: unus per denuntiationem, alius per inquisitionem, alius per accusationem.	I answer: It must be said that a religious prelate presides over a chapter as an ecclesiastical judge over a judicial tribunal. Whence he can obligate his subjects to make disclosure to him on command with regard to matters on which an ecclesiastical judge in a judicial tribunal can require an oath. Therefore, we must know that the way of proceeding in criminal cases is triple: one through denunciation, another through inquisition, another through accusation.
In via ergo denuntiationis intenditur correctio delinquentis; et ideo secundum praeceptum domini, Matth. XVIII, debet praecedere fraterna correctio, ut scilicet corripias eum inter te et ipsum solum; quod si non audierit, coram duobus vel tribus; et ultimo dicatur Ecclesiae. Caritatis enim est ut aliquis parcat fratri quantum potest. Unde prius debet niti ut corrigat conscientiam fratris servata fama, solitarie admonendo, et postmodum coram duobus vel tribus; tandem negligenda est fama ut emendetur conscientia, et dicendum est Ecclesiae. In quo etiam processu consulitur conscientiae. Nam peccator si a principio videret se publicatum, amitteret verecundiam, et obstinatior fieret ad peccandum.	In the method of denunciation, the correction of a delinquent is intended and therefore brotherly correction ought to precede this, according to the Lord in Matthew 18, so that you accuse him between yourself and him alone. But if he does not listen you should accuse him in the presence of two or three others, and lastly the matter may be related to the Church. For it pertains to charity that someone spare a brother as much as he can. Hence he ought first to strive to correct the brother’s conscience, preserving his reputation by admonishing him in solitary fashion and afterwards in the presence of two or three. Finally, public repute must be disregarded in order that conscience be corrected and the affair must be related to the Church, in which process consideration is taken for conscience. For a sinner, if from the beginning he saw his sin made public, would lose shame and be made to sin more obstinately.
In inquisitione vero debet praecedere infamia. In accusatione vero debet praecedere inscriptio, per quam ipse obligat se ad talionem. In inquisitione autem et accusatione intenditur poena peccantis propter multitudinis bonum. Si ergo appareat accusator in capitulo qui se obliget ad talionem, potest praelatus praecepto veritatis confessionem exigere, sicut et iudex ecclesiasticus iuramentum. Et similiter si praecedat infamia, potest praelatus praecepto veritatem exquirere, et subditi tenentur obedire. Si autem procedatur per viam simplicis denuntiationis, non tenetur religiosus praelato praecipienti culpam fratris revelare, nisi praecedente monitione eum videat incorrectum; immo magis peccaret, si ad praeceptum praelati revelaret: quia plus tenetur obedire Evangelio quam praelato; et multo magis praelatus peccaret, si subditum induceret ad pervertendum ordinem Evangelii.	Indeed ill report ought to come first in inquisition, and in accusation a written statement through which the accuser obligates himself to recompense ought to come first. However, in inquisition an accusation the punishment of the sinner is intended for the good of the many. Therefore, if the accuser who obligates himself to recompense should appear in the chapter, the prelate can by a command demand a confession of truth as also an ecclesiastical judge can demand an oath. And likewise, if ill report comes first, the prelate can by a command ascertain the truth and the subjects are bound to obey. If, however, the process is one of simple denunciation, the religious is not bound by the prelate giving the command to reveal a brother’s fault unless he sees him uncorrected by a preceding warning. Rather he would sin more if he revealed it on the prelate’s command because he is bound more strongly to obey the Gospel than the prelate. And the prelate would sin much more if he were to lead his subject to pervert the order of the Gospel.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod de peccato praeterito, de quo iam aliquis correctus est ad secretam admonitionem, vel de quo potest sperari corrigendus, nisi contrarium inveniatur, non potest imminere periculum multitudinis; sed de peccato futuro; quod est periculosum multitudini vel spiritualiter vel corporaliter, procedit obiectum. Tunc enim non oportet admonitionem secretam expectare, sed statim periculo occurrere; unde et dominus non dicit: si peccare intendat in futuro, sed si peccaverit in praeterito.	To the first it must be stated that with respect to a past sin on which one has been corrected already by a secret admonition or on which it can be hoped that one will be corrected, unless the contrary is found to be the case, thee can be no threat of danger to the multitude. Still, the objection goes forward concerning a future sin which is dangerous to the multitude, either spiritually or corporeally, for then it is not necessary to wait for a secret admonition, but rather it is necessary to oppose the danger immediately. Whence also the Lord does not say, “if he intends to sin in the future,” but “if he has sinned in the past” (Matthew 18:15).

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Deinde quaeruntur quatuor ad culpam pertinentia.	Question 9: Then four questions pertaining to sin were asked:
Primo utrum peccatum sit natura aliqua.	1. 1: Whether sin is some sort of nature?
Secundo utrum periurium sit gravius peccatum quam homicidium.	1. 2: Whether perjury is a more serious sin than homicide?
Tertio utrum peccet qui propter ignorantiam constitutionem Papae non servat.	1. 3: Whether a person sins who out of ignorance does not observe a papal constitution?
Quarto utrum monachus peccet mortaliter comedendo carnes.	1. 4: Whether a monk sins mortally in eating meat?
Utrum peccatum sit natura aliqua	Article 1: Whether sin is some sort of nature?
Ad primum sic procedebatur: videtur quod peccatum non sit aliqua natura.	On the first we proceed as follows: It seems that sin is not some sort of nature.
Dicitur enim Ioan. I, 3: sine ipso factum est nihil, id est peccatum. Sed quod est natura aliqua, non potest dici nihil. Ergo peccatum non est natura aliqua.	For John 1:3 says, "Without him nothing was made," i.e. sin. But what is a nature cannot be called nothing. Therefore sin is not some sort of nature.
Sed contra, si peccatum non est natura aliqua, oportet quod sit privatio pura. Sed privatio pura non dicitur secundum magis et minus, ut mors et tenebrae. Ergo unum non esset gravius altero; quod est inconveniens.	But to the contrary: If sin is not some sort of nature it is necessarily a pure privation. But pure privations like death and darkness do not admit of degrees of more and less. Therefore, one sin would not be more serious than another, which is incoherent.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod peccatum, maxime transgressionis, est actus inordinatus. Ex parte ergo actus, peccatum est natura aliqua; sed inordinatio est privatio, et secundum hanc peccatum dicitur nihil.	I answer: it must be said that a sin, especially of transgression, is a disorderly act. On the part of the act, therefore, sin is some sort of nature. But lack of order is a privation and according o this sin is called nothing.
Et per hoc patet solutio ad obiecta.	And through this the solution to the objections is clear.

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Articulus 2 Utrum periurium sit gravius peccatum quam homicidium	Article 2 Whether perjury is a more serious sin than homicide?
Circa secundum sic procedebatur: videtur quod periurium sit gravius peccatum quam homicidium.	Concerning the second we proceed as follows: It seems that perjury is a more serious sin than homicide.
Dicit enim Bernardus, quod contra praecepta primae tabulae non potest dispensare nec Deus nec homo; contra praecepta autem secundae tabulae potest dispensare Deus, sed non homo. Ex quo potest accipi quod gravius sit peccare contra praecepta primae tabulae quam contra praecepta secundae. Sed periurium est contra praeceptum primae tabulae, quod est: non assumes nomen Dei tui in vanum; homicidium autem est contra praeceptum secundae tabulae: non occides. Ergo gravius peccatum est periurium quam homicidium.	1. For Bernard says that neither God nor man can dispense from the precepts of the first table; however God but not man can dispense from the precepts of the second table. From this we can understand that it is more serious to sin against the precepts of the first table than against the precepts of the second. But perjury is against the precept of the first table which is “Do not take the name of your God in vain;” homicide, however, is against the precept of the second table, “Do not kill.” Therefore, perjury is a more serious sin than homicide.
Praeterea, gravius est peccare in Deum quam in hominem. Sed periurium est peccatum in Deum, homicidium in hominem. Ergo gravius peccatum est periurium quam homicidium.	2. Moreover, it is more serious to sin against God than against man. But perjury is a sin against God, homicide a sin against man. Therefore perjury is a more serious sin than homicide.
Sed contra, poena proportionatur culpae. Sed gravius punitur homicidium quam periurium. Ergo est gravius peccatum.	But to the contrary: Punishment is proportioned to the fault, but homicide is punished more severely than perjury. So it is the more serious sin.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod, sicut apostolus dicit ad Hebr. VI, 16, homines per maiores se iurant, et omnis controversiae eorum finis (...) est iuramentum. Frustra autem in causa homicidii controversiae finis esset iuramentum, si homicidium esset gravius peccatum quam periurium; praesumeretur enim quod qui maiorem culpam homicidii commisisset, non vereretur minorem periurii incurrere. Unde ex hoc ipso quod in causa cuiuslibet peccati defertur iuramentum, manifeste ostenditur quod periurium pro maximo peccato debet haberi. Nec immerito, quia periurare nomen Dei, videtur quaedam divini nominis denegatio: unde secundum locum post idololatriam peccatum periurii tenet, ut ex ordine praeceptorum apparet. Sed et apud gentiles iusiurandum erat honoratissimum, ut dicitur in I Metaphys.	I answer: It must be said that, as the Apostle says in Hebrews 6:16, “Men swear by what is greater than themselves, and an oath puts an end to all their wrangling.” However, in the case of homicide an oath would be the end of wrangling uselessly if homicide were a more serious fault than perjury, for it would be presumed that someone who committed the greater fault of homicide would not fear to incur the lesser one of perjury. So because an oath is deposed in the case of any sin, it is clearly shown that perjury ought to be held the greatest sin, nor undeservedly because to perjure the name of God seems to be a kind of denial of the divine name, so the sin of perjury holds second place after idolatry, as appears from the order of precepts. But also with the Gentiles an oath was most honored, as is said in Metaphysica I.
Primas autem rationes concedimus.	We grant the first reasons.
Ad illud vero quod in contrarium obiicitur, dicendum, quod in iudicio humano non semper quantitas poenae respondet quantitati culpae: interdum enim infligitur maior poena pro minori culpa, quando gravius nocumentum imminet hominibus ex minori culpa. Sed secundum Dei iudicium gravior culpa graviori poena punitur; unde, ut ostendatur gravitas idololatriae et periurii, postquam in primo praecepto dixerat: non adorabis ea neque coles, subditur, Exodi cap. XX, 5: ego sum dominus Deus tuus (...) visitans iniquitates patrum in filios; et postquam dixerat: non assumes nomen domini Dei tui in vanum, subditur: nec enim habebit insontem dominus eum qui assumpsit nomen domini frustra.	To what is objected on the contrary side: It must be stated that in human judgment the quantity of punishment does not always correspond to the quantity of the fault, for sometimes a greater punishment is inflicted for a lesser fault, when more serious harm threatens men from the lesser fault. But according to God’s judgment, the more serious fault is punished by the more severe punishment. Whence so that the gravity of idolatry and perjury might be shown, after he said in the first precept, “You will not adore nor worship those,” it is added in Exodus 20:5, “I am the Lord your God, visiting the iniquities of the fathers on the sons.” And after he said (verse 7), “Do not take the name of the Lord your God in vain,” he adds: “for the Lord will not hold him who takes his name in vain guiltless.

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Articulus 3 Utrum peccet qui propter ignorantiam constitutionem Papae non servat	Article 3 Whether a person sins who out of ignorance does not observe a papal constitution?
Ad tertium sic proceditur: videtur quod qui facit contra constitutionem Papae per ignorantiam, non peccet.	On the third, we proceed as follows: It seems that he who acts against a papal constitution through ignorance does sin.
Ut enim Augustinus dicit, peccatum adeo est voluntarium, quod si non est voluntarium, non est peccatum. Sed ignorantia causat involuntarium, ut dicitur in III Ethic. Ergo quod fit per ignorantiam, non est peccatum.	1. For as Augustine says, sin is voluntary to the extent that if there is not voluntary, then there is no sin. But ignorance causes the involuntary, as is said in Ethica 3. Therefore, what is done through ignorance is not a sin.
Praeterea, secundum iura, dominus potest repetere servum suum ordinatum post certum tempus. Hoc autem debet computari a tempore ordinationis, non a tempore notitiae. Ergo obligatio constitutionis Papae obligat a tempore notitiae.	2. Further, according to the laws a lord can reclaim his appointed servant after a certain time. This, however, ought to be computed from the time of its being known, not from the time of the decree." Therefore, the obligation to a papal constitution binds from the time of its being known.
Sed contra, ignorantia iuris non excusat. Sed constitutio Papae facit ius. Ergo qui facit contra constitutionem Papae per ignorantiam, non excusatur.	But to the contrary: ignorance of the law does not excuse anyone. But a papal constitution makes the law so he who acts against a papal constitution through ignorance is not excused.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod ignorantia quae est causa actus, causat involuntarium; unde semper excusat, nisi ipsa ignorantia sit peccatum. Est autem ignorantia peccatum, quando ignorat quis quae potest scire et tenetur. Constitutionem enim Papae omnes suo modo scire tenentur. Si ergo aliquis nesciat per negligentiam, non excusatur a culpa, si contra constitutionem agat. Si vero aliquis habeat sufficiens impedimentum, propter quod scire non potuerit; puta si fuit in carcere, vel in terris extraneis, ad quas constitutio non pervenit, vel propter aliquid simile; talis ignorantia excusat, ut non peccet contra constitutionem Papae agens.	I answer: it must be stated that the ignorance which is the cause of an act causes the involuntary, hence it always excuses unless the ignorance itself is a sin, which happens when someone does not know what he is able to know and he is obliged to know. Now indeed everyone is obliged to know the papal constitution in his fashion. If, therefore, someone does not know this through negligence, he is not excused from blame if he acts against the constitution. If indeed there was a sufficient obstacle to someone's knowing it, e.g., if he was in prison or in foreign lands which the constitution did not reach, or because of something similar, such ignorance excuses so that he does not sin by acting against the pope's constitution.
Et per hoc patet solutio ad obiecta.	The response to the objections is clear.

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Articulus 4 Utrum monachus peccet mortaliter comedendo carnes	Article 4 Whether a monk sins mortally in eating meat?
Circa quartum sic proceditur: videtur quod monachus peccet mortaliter comedendo carnes.	Concerning the fourth we proceed as follows: it seems that a monk sins mortally in eating meat.
Dicit enim canon de consecratione, dist. 5, cap. carnem, quod monachi non debent comedere carnes; et, si contra fecerint, debent incarcerari. Sed talis poena non infligitur nisi pro peccato mortali. Ergo monachi comedentes carnes peccant mortaliter.	1. For the canon law De consecratione, d. 5, in the chapter "Corneal," says that monks ought not to eat meat and if they do the contrary they ought to be incarcerated. But such punishment is only inflicted for a mortal sin, therefore monks sin mortally in eating meat.
Praeterea, facere contra votum est peccatum mortale. Sed monachi ex voto obligantur ad servandam regulam beati Benedicti, in qua continetur quod monachi a carnibus abstineant. Ergo monachi peccant mortaliter comedendo carnes.	2. Moreover, it is a mortal sin to act against a vow. But monks are obligated from a vow to keep blessed Benedict's Rule in which it is said that monks should abstain from meat. Therefore, monks sin mortally in eating meat.
Sed contra, nullum peccatum mortale conceditur alicui ratione cuiuscumque infirmitatis. Sed comedere carnes conceditur monacho ratione infirmitatis. Ergo comedere carnes non est peccatum mortale monacho.	But to the contrary: no mortal sin is allowed anyone by reason of an infirmity, but eating meat is allowed a monk by reason of infirmity. Therefore, it is not a mortal sin for a monk to eat meat.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod nihil est peccatum mortale monacho vel religioso cuicumque, per se loquendo, quod non sit peccatum mortale alteri, nisi sit contrarium ei ad quod se voto professionis obligavit; per accidens tamen, ut ratione scandali vel alicuius huiusmodi, posset aliquid ei esse peccatum quod non esset alii peccatum. Est ergo considerandum quid sit illud ad quod religiosus voto professionis se adstringit.	I answer: it must be stated that essentially speaking, nothing is a mortal sin for any monk or religious which is not a mortal sin for another person except it be contrary to what the very vow of the profession obligated him; accidentally speaking, however, because it provides an occasion for sin, something can be a sin for him which would not be a sin for another person. Therefore we must consider what it is to which a religious is bound by the vow of profession.
Et si quidem religiosus profitendo voveret se regulam servaturum, videretur se obligare voto ad singula quae continentur in regula; religionis status esset religiosis in laqueum et sic, contra quodlibet eorum agendo, peccaret mortaliter: et ex hoc sequeretur quod peccati mortalis, quod vix aut nunquam possent declinare. Sancti ergo patres qui ordines instituerunt, nolentes hominibus iniicere damnationis laqueum, sed magis viam salutis, ordinaverunt talem professionis formam in qua periculum esse non posset; sicut in ordine fratrum praedicatorum est cautissima et securissima forma profitendi qua non promittit servare regulam, sed obedientiam secundum regulam: unde ex voto obligantur ad servanda ea quae ponuntur in regula tanquam praecepta, et quae praelatus secundum tenorem regulae sibi praecipere voluerit. Cetera vero quae non continentur in regula sub praecepto, non cadunt directe sub voto: unde ea praetermittens non peccat mortaliter.	If indeed a religious in making profession vowed he was going to observe the Rule, he would seem to obligate himself by the vow to the individual matters which are contained in the Rule and so, in acting against any of them, he would sin mortally. From this it would follow that the state of religious life would be a snare of mortal sin to the religious which he would scarcely or never be able to avoid. Therefore, the holy fathers who instituted the orders, not wanting men to embrace the snare of damnation but rather the way of salvation, arranged such a form of profession in which that danger could not exist, as in the Order of Friars Preachers there is the most careful and secure form of avowal which does not involve a promise to observe the Rule but "obedience according to the Rule." Hence from the vow they are obligated to observe those matters which are put in the Rule as precepts and which the prelate according to the tenor of the Rule wanted to command. Other matters which are not contained in the Rule under a precept do not fall directly under the vow so that one does not sin mortally in omitting those.
Beatus vero Benedictus statuit monachum profiteri non quidem observare regulam, sed quod profitens promittit conversionem morum suorum secundum regulam: hoc est dictu, ut secundum regulam dirigat mores suos: contra quod facit, si vel ea quae sunt praecepta in regula, transgrediatur, vel etiam contemnat regulam, secundum eam dirigere actus suos omnino recusans. Non autem omnia quae in regula continentur, sunt praecepta: quaedam enim sunt monitiones sive consilia; quaedam vero ordinationes sive statuta quaedam, ut quod post completorium nemo loquatur. Huiusmodi autem statuta quae in regula continentur, non habent vim praecepti; sicut nec praelatus statuens aliquid, intendit semper ad peccatum mortale obligare per praeceptum. Est autem praelatus quasi quaedam regula animata; unde stultum esset putare quod monachus frangens silentium post completorium peccaret mortaliter, nisi forte faceret hoc contra praeceptum praelati, vel ex contemptu regulae. Abstinere autem a carnibus non ponitur in regula beati Benedicti ut praeceptum, sed ut statutum quoddam; unde monachus comedens carnes, non ex hoc ipso peccat mortaliter, nisi in casu propter inobedientiam vel contemptum.	The blessed Benedict indeed did not decree that a monk should promise to observe the Rule, but he decreed that the one professing promise the conversion of his morals according to the Rule. This is what is expressed: that he direct his morals according to the Rule, which he acts against if he transgresses either the precepts in the Rule or even holds the Rule in contempt by refusing to direct his acts entirely according to it. But not all points contained in the Rule are precepts, for some are warnings or counsels; some however are orders or statutes such as that no one may speak after Compline. Such statutes, however, which are contained in the Rule do not have the power of precepts. Neither does a prelate in decreeing something always intend to bind someone under pain of mortal sin through the precept. Now the prelate is a sort of living rule. So it would be foolish to hold that a monk breaking silence after Compline sins mortally, unless perhaps he does this against a precept of the prelate or from contempt of the Rule. Abstention from meat, however, is not included in blessed Benedict's Rule as a precept but as a sort of statute, hence a monk in eating meat does not from this very act sin mortally, except in the case of disobedience or contempt.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod poena illa infligitur monacho contumaciter et inobedienter carnes comedenti.	Therefore, to the first it must be stated that punishment is inflicted on a monk for obstinately and disobediently eating meat.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod comedere carnes non est contra votum monachi, nisi quando comederet ex inobedientia vel contemptu.	To the second it must be stated that eating meat is not against a monk's vow except when he eats it out of disobedience or contempt.
Quod vero in contrarium obiicitur, efficaciam non habet: procedit enim de his quae sunt secundum se mala, sicut homicidium, adulterium, et huiusmodi, quae sunt omnibus illicita, tam sanis quam infirmis. Non autem procedit de his quae sunt mala quia prohibita; aliquid enim potest prohiberi sano quod non prohibetur infirmo.	What is objected on the contrary side has no efficacy for it holds good concerning these things which are bad in themselves, such as homicide, adultery and the like, which are illicit for all, the healthy as well as the infirm. It does not, however, hold good concerning these things which are bad because they are prohibited, for something can be prohibited for the healthy which is not prohibited for the sick.

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Articulus 10 Deinde circa bonum gloriae quaerebantur duo de corporibus gloriosis.	Question 10 Then with regard to the good in the order of glory two questions were asked about glorified bodies:
Primo utrum corpus gloriosum naturaliter possit esse cum alio corpore non glorioso in eodem loco.	1. whether a glorified body can exist naturally in the same place with another non-glorified body?
Secundo utrum hoc fieri possit miraculo.	2. whether this can be accomplished miraculously?
Utrum corpus gloriosum naturaliter possit esse cum alio corpore non glorioso in eodem loco	Article 1: Whether a glorified body can exist naturally in the same place with another non-glorified body?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod corpus gloriosum naturaliter possit esse cum alio corpore in eodem loco.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that a glorified body can naturally exist in the same place with another body.
Si enim prohibetur esse cum alio corpore in eodem loco: aut est propter grossitiem sive corpulentiam, aut propter dimensiones. Sed non propter grossitiem seu corpulentiam, quia corpus gloriosum erit spirituale, secundum apostolum, I ad Cor. XV, 44; similiter nec propter dimensiones, quia, cum tangentia sint quorum ultima sunt simul, necesse est quod punctum unius corporis naturalis sit simul cum puncto alterius, et linea cum linea, et superficies cum superficie; pari ergo ratione et corpus cum corpore. Non ergo prohibetur corpus gloriosum quin naturaliter possit esse simul cum alio corpore in eodem loco.	1. For if it is prohibited from existing in the same place with an-other, it is either because of density or fleshiness, or because of dimensions. But it is not because of density or fleshiness because a glorified body will be spiritual according to the Apostle (I Cor. 15:44); likewise it is not because of dimensions either, for since things that touch each other are those whose ends are together, it is necessary for a point of one natural body to be together with a point of another, and a line with a line, and a surface with a surface. Therefore for the same reason a body with a body also. Therefore, a glorified body is not prohibited from being able to exist naturally with another body in the same place.
Praeterea, Commentator dicit in Lib. VIII Physic., quod partes aeris et aquae partim subintrant se invicem, propter hoc quod partim sunt naturae spiritualis. Sed corpora gloriosa omnino erunt spiritualia, ut iam dictum est. Ergo totaliter poterunt subintrare alia corpora, et similiter esse cum eis.	2. Moreover, the Commentator says on Physica 8 that the parts of air and water partly penetrate each other because they are partly of a spiritual nature." But glorified bodies will be entirely spiritual as we already said, therefore they will be able to penetrate other bodies totally and likewise exist with them.
Sed contra, glorificatio non tollit naturam. Sed corpus humanum non potest naturaliter esse simul cum alio corpore in eodem loco in statu isto. Ergo neque postquam erit glorificatum.	But to the contrary: glorification does not remove a nature. But a human body cannot naturally exist together with another body in the same place in this state, therefore neither can it after it is glorified.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod manifestum est quod corpus humanum in statu isto non potest esse cum alio corpore in eodem loco. Si ergo corpus gloriosum naturaliter possit esse cum alio corpore in eodem loco propter aliquam proprietatem inditam, illa proprietas aufert hoc propter quod corpus humanum in statu isto prohibetur esse cum alio corpore in eodem loco. Est ergo considerandum quid sit huiusmodi prohibens.	I answer: it must be stated that it is clear that a human body in this state cannot exist in the same place with another body. If, therefore, a glorified body can naturally exist with another body in the same place because of some property engrafted on it, that property removes this which prohibits the human body's existing in the same place with another body in this state. We must, therefore, consider what such a prohibiting factor may be.
Dicunt autem quidam, hoc esse grossitiem vel corpulentiam quamdam, quae tolletur per dotem gloriae, quam nominant subtilitatem. Sed hoc non est intelligibile. Non enim invenitur quid sit huiusmodi corpulentia vel grossities. Non enim est aliqua qualitas: quia nulla qualitas dari potest, qua quidem remota corpus possit esse cum alio corpore in eodem loco. Similiter nec potest esse forma nec materia, quae sunt partes essentiae; quia tunc integra essentia corporis humani non remaneret cum gloria; quod est haereticum.	Some say that this property is a density or fleshiness which is removed through the dowry of glory which they name subtlety." But this is not intelligible for we cannot ascertain what such fleshiness or density is. It is not a quality because there is no quality which when it is removed the body to which it belongs can exist with another body in the same place. Likewise it cannot be the form or matter which are parts of the essence, because then the whole essence of the human body would not remain in glory, which is a heretical opinion.
Et ideo dicendum est, quod prohibens nihil est aliud quam dimensiones, quibus substat materia corporalis; necesse est enim ut id quod est per se, sit causa in unoquoque genere. Distinctio autem secundum situm primo et per se convenit quantitati dimensivae, quae definitur esse quantitas positionem habens; unde et partes in subiecto ex hoc ipso distinctionem habent secundum situm, quod sunt subiectae dimensioni; et sicut est distinctio diversarum partium unius corporis secundum diversas partes unius loci per dimensiones, ita propter dimensiones diversa corpora distinguuntur secundum diversa loca. Duo enim corpora facit actualis divisio materiae corporalis; duas autem partes unius corporis divisibilitas potentialis; unde et philosophus dicit in IV Physic., quod sicut subintrante cubo ligneo aquam vel aerem, oportet quod cedat tantum de aqua vel aere, ita oporteret quod cederent dimensiones separatae, si vacuum poneretur. Cum ergo gloria non tollat dimensiones corporis, dico quod corpus gloriosum non potest naturaliter esse cum alio corpore in eodem loco propter aliquam proprietatem inditam.	Therefore, we must say that the prohibiting factor is nothing but the dimensions which corporeal matter sustains. For it is necessary that that which is of itself be the cause in any genus; however, distinction according to position first and of itself belongs to dimensional quantity which is defined as quantity having position, and that whence the parts in a subject, from this [fact] that they are subject to dimension, have a distinction according to position. And just as there is a distinction of diverse parts of one body according to the diverse parts of one place through dimensions, so because of dimensions diverse bodies are distinguished according to diverse places. For actual division makes two bodies of physical matter, however potential divisibility makes two parts of one body, hence the Philosopher says in Physica 4 that just as when a wooden cube is inserted into water or air it necessarily displaces only water or air, so it would be necessary that if we posited a void, the separated dimensions would displace it. Therefore, since glory does not remove a body's dimensions, I say that a glorified body cannot naturally exist with another body in the same place because of any engrafted property.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod, sicut dictum est, corpus humanum in statu illo prohibetur esse cum alio corpore in eodem loco, non propter corpulentiam aut grossitiem quae per gloriam tollatur (spiritualitatem enim apostolus opponit animalitati, secundum quam corpus est alimonia indigens, ut Augustinus dicit, non autem opponit grossitiei vel corpulentiae); sed impeditur propter dimensiones. Ratio vero quae in contrarium obiicitur, ponitur inter sophisticas rationes a philosopho in libro IV Physic. Puncto enim et lineae et superficiei non debetur locus, sed corpori; unde non sequitur, si termini corporum se tangentium sunt simul, quod propter hoc plura corpora possint esse in eodem loco.	Therefore, to the first it must be stated that as was said, a human body in that state is prohibited from existing with another body in the same place not because of a fleshiness or density which is removed through glory (for the Apostle opposes spirituality to the animality according to which a body needs nourishment, as Augustine says; however, he does not oppose it to fleshiness or density) but it is impeded because of the dimensions. Indeed the reason which is given on the contrary side is placed among the sophistical reasons by the Philosopher in Physica 6, for place is not owing to a point, a line, and a surface, but to a body. So it does not follow that if the boundaries of bodies are touching each other at the same time that because of this fact many bodies can exist in the same place.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod, sicut ibidem Commentator exprimit, subintratio illa fit per condensationem, et dicuntur habere spiritualem virtutem propter raritatem. Esset autem erroneum dicere corpora gloriosa esse spiritualia hoc modo, quod sint aeri ventisque similia, ut patet per Gregorium, Lib. XIX Moralium.	To the second it must be stated as the Commentator says in the same place, that penetration is made through condensation and they are said to have spiritual power because of rarity. However, it would be erroneous to say that glorified bodies are spiritual in this way because they are similar to air and wind, as is clear through what Gregory says in Moralium 14.61.

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Articulus 2 Utrum corpus gloriosum esse simul in eodem loco cum alio corpore fieri possit miraculo	Article 2 Whether this can be accomplished miraculously?
Ad secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod corpus gloriosum nullo modo possit esse simul cum alio corpore in eodem loco.	On the second we proceed as follows: it seems that a glorified body can in no way exist with another body in the same place at the same time.
Sicut enim se habet corpus unum ad unum locum, ita duo corpora ad duo loca. Ergo, commutatim, sicut unum corpus ad duo loca, ita duo corpora ad unum locum. Sed unum corpus nullo modo potest esse in duobus locis. Ergo nec duo corpora in uno loco.	1. For just as one body is related to one place, so are two bodies to two places. Therefore, with substitutions, just as one body is related to two places so are two bodies to one place. But one body can in no way exist in two places, therefore neither can two bodies exist in one place.
Praeterea, si duo corpora sint in uno loco, sumantur duo puncta in duabus extremitatibus loci. Sequitur ergo quod inter ista duo puncta erunt duae lineae rectae duorum corporum in eodem loco existentium, quod est impossibile. Ergo impossibile est duo corpora esse in eodem loco.	2. Moreover, if two bodies exist in one place then two points are assumed in the two extremities of the place. It follows, therefore, that between these two points there will be two straight lines of the two bodies existing in the same place, which is impossible. Therefore, it is impossible for two bodies to exist in the same place.
Sed contra, est quod Christus intravit ad discipulos ianuis clausis, ut habetur Ioan. XX: quod esse non potest, nisi corpus eius simul cum corpore portarum fuisset in eodem loco. Potest ergo corpus gloriosum cum alio corpore esse in eodem loco.	But to the contrary: it is said in John 20 that Christ entered where his disciples were though the doors were closed, which cannot be unless his body existed in the same place simultaneously with the corporeal doors. A glorified body can, therefore, exist with another body in the same place.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod sicut iam dictum est, duo corpora esse in eodem loco prohibentur ex dimensionibus, quia materia corporalis secundum dimensiones dividitur; dimensiones autem distinguuntur secundum situm. Deus autem, qui est omnium causa prima, potest conservare effectus in esse sine causis proximis; unde, sicut conservat in sacramento altaris accidentia sine subiecto, ita potest conservare distinctionem materiae corporalis et dimensionum in ea absque diversitate situs. Miraculose ergo fieri potest quod duo corpora sint in eodem loco; unde corpori Christi attribuitur a sanctis, quod exivit per clausum virginis uterum, et quod intravit ianuis clausis per virtutem divinam. Et similiter dico, quod corpus gloriosum, quod erit configuratum corpori claritatis Christi, poterit esse cum alio corpore in eodem loco, non propter aliquam virtutem creatam inditam, sed sola divina virtute assistente, et hoc operante; sicut corpus Petri sua umbra sanabat infirmos, sed divina virtute assistente miracula faciente.	I answer: it must be stated that, as we already said, two bodies are prohibited by their dimensions from existing in the same place because corporeal matter is divided according to dimensions; however dimensions are distinguished according to position. But God, who is the first cause of everything, can conserve an effect in existence without its proximate causes. Hence, just as he conserves accidents without a subject in the sacrament of the altar, so can he conserve distinction of corporeal matter and the dimensions in it without diversity of place. Therefore, it can be miraculously accomplished that two bodies exist in the same place. So the saints attributed to Christ's body that it existed through the closed womb of the Virgin and entered through closed doors by means of divine power. And I say likewise that a glorified body which will be fashioned in conformity with Christ's radiant body will be able to exist with another body in the same place, not because of some engrafted created power but only with the aid and action of the divine power, just as the body of Peter cured the sick by its shadow, but was performing miracles with the aid of divine power.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod proportione commutata sic est utendum: sicut se habet primum ad secundum, ut duo ad tria, ita se habet tertium ad quartum; ergo commutatim, sicut se habet primum ad tertium, ita et secundum ad quartum, id est tria ad sex. Et secundum hoc ratio sic deberet procedere. Sicut se habet unum corpus ad unum locum, ita duo corpora ad duo loca; ergo sicut unum ad duo corpora, ita unus locus ad duo loca; et sic non sequitur quod si unum corpus non potest esse in duobus locis, duo corpora non possint esse in uno loco. Unum enim corpus esse localiter in duobus locis implicat contradictionem, quia de ratione loci est quod sit terminus locati; terminus autem est, extra quem nihil est rei; unde nihil locati potest esse in loco exteriori. Quod si ponatur esse in duobus locis, sequitur quod sit extra suum locum, et ita sequitur quod sit locatum et non locatum. Nec est instantia de corpore Christi, quia non est in sacramento altaris localiter, sed per conversionem.	Therefore, to the first it must be stated that we must employ it thus with the proportion changed: as the first is related to the second as two to three, so is the third related to the fourth. Therefore, with substitutions, as the first is related to the third so also is the second to the fourth, i.e., three to six. And the reasoning should proceed according to this thus: as one body is related to one place so are two bodies to two places, and therefore as one body to two bodies, so one place to two places. And so it does not follow that if one body cannot exist in two places that two bodies cannot exist in one place. One body's existing in two places implies a contradiction because it pertains to the intelligible structure of place to be the boundary of the thing in place. However, a boundary is that outside of which nothing belongs to the thing, hence nothing of the thing in a place can exist in an exterior place. Because if it is maintained that it exists in two places, it follows that it is outside its own place and so it follows that it is in a place and not in a place. Nor is there a valid disclaimer concerning Christ's body because it is not in the sacrament of the altar by way of place but rather through conversion.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod duas lineas rectas mathematicas esse infra duo puncta, est impossibile, quia in eis nulla alia ratio distinctionis potest intelligi nisi ex situ; sed duas lineas naturales esse intra duo puncta est impossibile quidem per naturam, sed possibile per miraculum: quia remanet alia ratio distinctionis in lineis duabus ex diversitate corporum subiectorum, quae conservatur virtute divina, etiam remota diversitate situs.	To the second it must be stated that for two straight mathematical lines to be between two points is impossible because we can understand no reason for their distinction except position. But for two natural lines to be between two points is indeed naturally impossible but possible through a miracle because there is another reason for the distinction of the two lines from the diversity of the underlying bodies which are conserved by divine power even when diversity of position is removed.

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Quaesitum est de Christo, de Angelis et de hominibus.	QUODLIBET II: Questions were asked concerning Christ, angels, and men.
Circa Christum quaesita sunt duo de passione eius.	Question 1: Concerning Christ, two questions were asked about his passion:
Primo utrum in triduo mortis fuerit idem homo numero.	1. whether he was numerically the same man during the three days of death?
Secundo utrum quaelibet passio Christi suffecisset ad redemptionem humani generis sine morte.	2. whether any suffering of Christ would have sufficed for the redemption of mankind without death?
Articulus 1 Utrum Christus in triduo mortis fuerit idem homo numero	Article 1 Whether Christ was the same man during the three days of death?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod Christus fuerit idem homo in triduo.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that Christ was the same man during the three days.
Dicitur enim Matth. XII, 40: sicut (...) fuit Ionas in ventre ceti tribus diebus et tribus noctibus, ita erit filius hominis in corde terrae. Sed non fuit alius filius hominis in corde terrae nisi filius hominis qui loquebatur super terram, alioquin Christus fuisset duo filii. Ergo fuit idem homo in triduo mortis.	1. For Matthew 12:40 says, "As Jonah was in the belly of the whale for three days and three nights, so will the son of man be in the heart of the earth." But the son of man in the heart of the earth was not other than the son of man who spoke on earth, otherwise Christ would have been two sons. Therefore, he was the same man during the three days of death.
Praeterea, Ionas fuit idem homo in ventre ceti qui prius fuerat. Sed sicut Ionas fuit in ventre ceti, ita Christus in corde terrae. Ergo etiam Christus fuit idem homo.	2. Further, Jonah was the same man in the whale's belly as he was before. But as Jonah was in the whale's belly so was Christ in the heart of the earth. Therefore Christ was also the same man.
Sed contra, remota forma partis, removetur forma totius, quae resultat ex compositione formae et materiae. Sed in triduo mortis anima fuit separata a corpore Christi. Ergo desiit esse humanitas; non ergo fuit idem numero homo in triduo mortis.	But to the contrary: if the form of the part is removed, the form of the whole which results from the composition of form and matter is removed. Now during the three days of death Christ's soul was separated from his body, therefore his humanity ceased to exist. So he was not numerically the same man during the three days of death.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod in Christo fuerunt tres substantiae unitae, scilicet corpus, anima, et divinitas; sed corpus et anima fuerunt unita non solum in unam personam, sed in unam naturam; divinitas autem in natura quidem non potuit uniri nec animae nec corpori, quia cum sit perfectissima natura, non potest esse pars alicuius naturae; sed fuit unita corpori et animae in persona. In morte autem separata fuit anima a corpore: alioquin non fuisset vera mors Christi, de cuius ratione est quod separetur anima a corpore, quod per animam vivificatur; sed divinitas non fuit separata nec ab anima nec a corpore: quod patet ex symbolo fidei, in quo de filio Dei dicitur, quod sepultus est, et descendit ad Inferos. Corpore autem iacente in sepulcro, et anima ad Inferos descendente, non attribuerentur ista filio Dei, nisi haec duo essent ei copulata in unitate hypostasis vel personae.	I answer: it must be said that three substances were united in Christ — body, soul, and divinity. Now body and soul were not only united in one person but in one nature, but divinity could not be united in a nature either to soul or body because, since it is the most perfect nature, it cannot be a part of any nature. Yet it was united to body and soul in the person. In death, however, Christ's soul was separated from his body, otherwise his death would not have been a true death, for by definition death is the separation of the soul from the body on which it bestows life. But divinity was not separated from either the body or the soul, which is clear from the Creed which says of the Son of God that "He was buried and descended into hell." However, the body lying in the tomb and the soul descending into hell would not be attributed to the Son of God unless these two were joined to him in a unity of person or hypostasis.
Et ideo de Christo in triduo mortis dupliciter loqui possumus: uno modo quantum ad hypostasim vel personam, et sic est idem numero simpliciter qui fuit; aut quantum ad naturam humanam; et hoc dupliciter. Uno modo quantum ad totam naturam, quae humanitas dicitur: et sic Christus non fuit homo in triduo mortis, unde nec idem homo, sed eadem hypostasis; aut quantum ad partem humanae naturae: et sic anima quidem fuit omnino eadem numero, eo quod non est transmutata secundum substantiam; corpus vero fuit idem numero secundum materiam, sed non secundum formam substantialem, quae est anima. Unde non potest dici quod simpliciter fuerit idem numero, quia quaelibet differentia substantialis excludit idem simpliciter; animatum autem est differentia substantialis; et ideo mori est corrumpi, non alterari tantum. Nec iterum potest dici, quod simpliciter non sit idem vel aliud, quia non est secundum totam substantiam non idem, aut aliud. Dicendum est ergo, quod fuit secundum quid idem, secundum quid non idem: secundum materiam enim idem, secundum formam vero non idem.	And therefore, we can speak of Christ during the three days of death in two ways: with regard to the hypostasis or person, and in this way he is during the three days absolutely numerically the same as he was; or with regard to the human nature, and this in two ways. If we speak with regard to the whole nature which is called humanity, Christ was not a man during the three days of death and so neither the same nor another man, but rather the same hypostasis. If we speak with regard to a part of the human nature, his soul was indeed entirely the same numerically because it was not transformed in substance; the body was numerically the same according to matter but not according to the substantial form which is the soul. So we cannot say that he was absolutely numerically the same because any substantial difference excludes absolute sameness. However, animate is a substantial difference and therefore to die is to be corrupted and not only to be altered. Nor on the other hand can we say that he was absolutely non-identical or other because he was not non-identical or other according to his whole substance. We must therefore say that he was the same in one respect and not the same in another respect, for he was the same with respect to matter but not the same with respect to form.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod homo est nomen naturae, sed filius est nomen hypostasis; et ideo magis in triduo mortis Christus potest dici filius hominis quam homo.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that 'man' denotes a nature, but 'son' denotes a hypostasis and so Christ can be called 'son of man' rather than 'man' during the three days of death.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod similitudo non attenditur ibi quantum ad omnia, sed solum quantum ad occupationem; nam Christus fuit mortuus in corde terrae, non autem Ionas in ventre ceti.	To the second it must be said that that passage does not mean likeness with regard to everything but only with regard to occupation [of a place], for Christ was dead in the heart of the earth but Jonah was not dead in the whale's belly.

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Articulus 2 Utrum quaelibet passio Christi suffecisset ad redemptionem humani generis sine morte	Article 2 [Whether any suffering of Christ would have sufficed for the redemption of the human race without his death]
Circa secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod alia passio Christi non suffecisset ad redemptionem humani generis sine morte.	On the second we proceed as follows: it seems that no other suffering of Christ would have sufficed for the redemption of mankind without his death.
Dicit enim apostolus ad Galat. II, 21: si ex lege est iustitia, ergo Christus mortuus est gratis, id est inutiliter et sine causa. Sed si alia passio sufficeret, Christus gratis mortuus esset. Sed hoc habet apostolus pro inconvenienti. Ergo alia passio Christi non suffecisset ad redemptionem humani generis.	1. For the Apostle says in Galatians 2:21, "If there is justice from the law then Christ died in vain," that is uselessly and without cause. But if any other suffering sufficed then Christ died in vain. Now the Apostle regards this as inadmissible. Therefore, no other suffering of Christ would have sufficed for the redemption of mankind.
Praeterea, illud emi dicitur quod iusto pretio comparatur. Sed iustum pretium pro peccato primi parentis, quo venditum est in servitutem genus humanum, esse non potuit aliud quam vita Christi, quae valet omnium hominum vitas, quae per illud peccatum privatur; nam per peccatum primi hominis mors in omnes introivit, ut dicitur ad Rom. V. Ergo non potuisset humanum genus redimi per aliam passionem Christi absque morte.	2. Moreover, that is said to be bought which is procured for a just price. Now a just price for the sin of the first parent by which mankind was sold into bondage could not be other than the life of Christ which is worth the lives of all men, which lives are removed through that sin, for through the first man's sin death entered into all, as Romans 5 says. Therefore, mankind could not have been redeemed through any other suffering of Christ without his death.
Praeterea, Gregorius dicit in III Moral., quod nisi Christus mortem indebitam suscepisset, nequaquam nos a morte debita liberaret. Ergo passio alia non suffecisset ad liberationem humani generis sine morte.	3. Further, Gregory says in Moralium 3 that "unless Christ had taken on himself an undeserved death, by no means would he free us from a deserved death." Therefore, no other suffering would have sufficed for mankind's liberation without his death.
Praeterea, apostolus dicit ad Hebr. X, vers. 14, quod Christus una (...) oblatione consummavit in aeternum sanctificatos et ideo non est locus secundae oblationi. Sed manifestum est quod Christus ante mortem multas passiones sustinuit, erudiens, laborans, consputus et flagellatus. Si ergo istae passiones suffecissent, non obtulisset seipsum ad mortem. Obtulit autem seipsum hostiam Deo pro peccatis nostris, ut dicitur ad Ephes. V; et hoc per mortem. Ergo passio Christi absque morte non suffecisset.	4. Further, the Apostle says in Hebrews 10:14, that Christ "by one offering perfected forever those who are sanctified," and therefore there is no place for a second offering. But it is clear that Christ sustained many kinds of suffering before death - hungering, laboring, being spat upon, being beaten. If, therefore, these sufferings had sufficed he would not have offered himself for death. Yet he offered himself as a sacrifice to God for our sins, as is said in Ephesians 5, and this he did through his death. Therefore the suffering of Christ without his death would not have sufficed.
Sed contra. Iniuria vel passio alicuius mensuratur ex dignitate personae; maiorem enim iniuriam patitur rex si percutiatur in facie, quam aliqua privata persona. Sed dignitas personae Christi est infinita, quia est persona divina. Ergo quaelibet passio eius, quantumcumque sit minima, est infinita; quaelibet ergo passio eius suffecisset ad redemptionem humani generis, etiam sine morte.	But to the contrary: anyone's injury or suffering is measured from the dignity of his person, for a king suffers a greater injury if he is struck in the face than does any private person. But the dignity of Christ's person is infinite because he is a divine person; so any suffering of his, however little it be, is infinite. Therefore, any suffering of his would have sufficed for the redemption of mankind even without his death.
Praeterea, Bernardus dicit, quod minima gutta sanguinis Christi suffecisset ad redemptionem humani generis. Potuisset autem aliqua gutta sanguinis Christi effundi sine morte. Ergo etiam sine morte potuisset per aliquam passionem humanum genus redimere.	Moreover, Bernard says that the least drop of Christ's blood would have sufficed for the redemption of mankind. However, a drop of Christ's blood could have been shed without his death, so even without his death he could have redeemed mankind through any suffering.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod ad emptionem duo requiruntur: scilicet quantitas pretii, et deputatio eius ad aliquid emendum. Si enim aliquis det pretium non aequivalens ad rem aliquam acquirendam, non dicitur esse simpliciter emptio, sed partim emptio, partim donatio; puta, si aliquis emat librum qui valet viginti libras, pro decem libris, partim emeret librum, et partim sibi donaretur. Rursus si daret etiam maius pretium, et non deputaret ad emendum, non diceretur emere librum. Si ergo loquamur de redemptione humani generis quantum ad quantitatem pretii, sic quaelibet passio Christi etiam sine morte suffecisset ad redemptionem humani generis, propter infinitam dignitatem personae. Et sic procedunt duae ultimae rationes.	I answer: it must be said that two things are required for buying, namely the amount of the price and its allotment for buying something. For if someone should give a price not equivalent for acquiring something, there is not said to be a purchase absolutely but partly a purchase and partly a gift. For example, if someone should buy a book which is worth twenty libras for ten, he would partly buy the book and it would partly be given to him. On the other hand, if he should give an even greater price and not allot it for buying he would not be said to buy the book. Therefore, if we speak of mankind's redemption with regard to the amount of the price, so any suffering of Christ, even without his death, would have sufficed for the redemption of mankind because of the infinite dignity of the person. And in this manner the last two reasons proceed.
Si autem loquamur quantum ad deputationem pretii, sic dicendum est quod non sunt deputatae ad redemptionem humani generis a Deo patre et Christo aliae passiones Christi absque morte. Et hoc triplici ratione. Primo quidem ut pretium redemptionis humani generis non solum esset infinitum valore, sed etiam esset eiusdem generis, ut scilicet nos de morte per mortem redimeret.	If, however, we speak with regard to the allotment of the price, we must say that Christ's other sufferings without his death are not allotted for the redemption of mankind by God the Father and Christ. And there are three reasons for this. First, in order that the price of mankind's redemption might not only be infinite in value but also of the same genus, i.e., in order that he might redeem us from death through death.
Secundo ut mors Christi non solum esset pretium redemptionis, sed etiam exemplum virtutis, ut videlicet homines non timerent pro veritate mori. Et has duas causas assignat apostolus ad Hebr. II, 14-15, dicens: ut per mortem destrueret eum qui habebat mortis imperium, quantum ad primum; et liberaret eos qui timore mortis per totam vitam obnoxii erant servituti, quantum ad secundum.	Second, in order that Christ's death might not only be the price of the redemption but also an example of virtue, namely in order that men should not fear to die for the truth. And the Apostle assigns these two causes in Hebrews 2:14-15 saying, "In order that through death he might destroy him who had command of death," as concerns the first, "and might free them who through their whole lives were subject to servitude through the fear of death," as regards the second.
Tertio ut mors Christi esset etiam sacramentum salutis, dum nos virtute mortis Christi morimur peccato et carnalibus concupiscentiis et proprio affectui; et causa assignatur I Petri III, 18: Christus semel pro peccatis nostris mortuus est, iustus pro iniustis, ut nos offerret Deo mortificatos quidem carne, vivificatos autem spiritu. Et ideo humanum genus non est redemptum per aliam passionem absque morte Christi.	Third, in order that his death might also be a sacrament of salvation while we die to sin and carnal desires and our own feelings by the power of Christ's death. And this cause is assigned in 1 Peter 3:18: "Christ died once for our sins, the just for the unjust, in order that he might offer us to God, dead indeed in the flesh but brought to life in the spirit." And therefore, mankind is not redeemed through any other suffering without the death of Christ.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod non sine causa deputata est mors Christi ad redemptionem humani generis, quamvis minor passio sufficere potuisset, ut dictum est.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that Christ's death is not allotted for the redemption of mankind without cause, although a lesser suffering could have sufficed as we said.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod Christus non solvendo vitam suam, sed etiam quamcumque passionem patiendo, sufficiens pretium exsolvisset pro redemptione humani generis, si minor passio ad hoc divinitus deputata fuisset; et hoc propter infinitam dignitatem personae Christi, ut dictum est.	To the second it must be said that Christ would have paid a sufficient price for mankind's redemption not by paying with his life but even by undergoing any suffering if a lesser one had been divinely allotted for this. And this is because of the infinite dignity of the person of Christ, as we said.
Aliae duae rationes procedunt ex hoc quod aliae passiones Christi non fuerunt deputatae ad hoc quod per eas, absque morte Christi, redimeretur humanum genus.	The other two reasons proceed from the fact that Christ's other sufferings were not allotted so that mankind would be redeemed through them without Christ's death.

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Articulus 2 Deinde quaerebatur de Angelis. —Et primo quantum ad compositionem ipsorum. —Secundo quantum ad tempus motus ipsorum. Circa primum quaerebantur duo.	Question 2 Then questions were asked about angels: first as to their composition, second as to the time of their motion.
Primo utrum Angelus substantialiter sit compositus ex essentia et esse.	1. whether an angel is a composite of essence and being (esse) in the manner of a substance?
Secundo utrum in Angelo sit aliud suppositum et natura.	2. whether supposit and nature are diverse in an angel?
Utrum Angelus substantialiter sit compositus ex essentia et esse	Article 1: Whether an angel is composed of essence and being (esse) in the manner of a substance?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod Angelus substantialiter non componatur ex essentia et esse.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that an angel is not composed of essence and being in the manner of a substance.
Essentia enim Angeli est ipse Angelus, quia quidditas simplicis est ipsum simplex. Si ergo Angelus componeretur ex essentia et esse, componeretur ex seipso et alio. Hoc autem est inconveniens. Non ergo substantialiter componitur ex essentia et esse.	1. For the essence of an angel is the angel itself, because the quiddity of a simple thing is the simple thing itself. If, therefore, an angel were composed of being and essence, it would be composed of itself and another. But this is incoherent. So it is not composed of being and essence in the manner of a substance.
Praeterea, nullum accidens cadit in substantialem compositionem substantiae. Sed esse Angeli est accidens; proprie enim Deo attribuit Hilarius in libro de Trinitate, quod esse non sit accidens ei, sed subsistens veritas. Ergo Angelus non est essentialiter compositus ex essentia et esse.	2. Moreover, no accident enters into the substantial composition of a substance. But an angel's being is an accident, for Hilary attributes properly to God in De trinitate that being is not an accident in him but is subsisting truth.' Therefore, an angel is not composed of essence and being in the manner of an essence.
Sed contra, est quod dicitur in commento libri de causis, quod intelligentia quam dicimus Angelum, habet essentiam et esse.	But to the contrary: the commentary on De causis says that "An intelligence, which we call an angel, has essence and being."
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod dupliciter aliquid de aliquo praedicatur: uno modo essentialiter, alio modo per participationem. Lux enim praedicatur de corpore illuminato participative; sed si esset aliqua lux separata, praedicaretur de ea essentialiter. Secundum ergo hoc dicendum est, quod ens praedicatur de solo Deo essentialiter, eo quod esse divinum est esse subsistens et absolutum; de qualibet autem creatura praedicatur per participationem: nulla enim creatura est suum esse, sed est habens esse. Sic et Deus dicitur bonus essentialiter, quia est ipsa bonitas; creaturae autem dicuntur bonae per participationem, quia habent bonitatem: unumquodque enim, in quantum est, bonum est, secundum illud Augustini in I de doctrina Christiana, quod in quantum sumus, boni sumus. Quandocumque autem aliquid praedicatur de altero per participationem, oportet ibi aliquid esse praeter id quod participatur. Et ideo in qualibet creatura est aliud ipsa creatura quae habet esse, et ipsum esse eius; et hoc est quod Boetius dicit in Lib. de Hebdomad., quod in omni eo quod est citra primum, aliud est esse et quod est.	I answer: it must be said that something is predicated of something in two ways — in the manner of an essence or in the manner of participation. 'Light' is predicated of an illumined body in the manner of participation, but if there were some separated light then it would be predicated of it in the manner of an essence. Therefore, we must say that 'being' (ens) is predicated in the manner of an essence of God alone, inasmuch a divine being (esse) is subsistent and absolute being. However, it is predicated of any creature in the manner of participation, for no creature is its being but rather is something which has being. So also we call God 'good' in the manner of an essence because he is goodness itself, we call creatures 'good' in the manner of participation because they have; goodness. For anything is good inasmuch as it is, according to what Augustine says in De doctrina christiana, that inasmuch as we are we are good.' However, whenever something is predicated of another in the manner of participation, it is necessary that) there be something in the latter besides that in which it participates. And therefore, in any creature the creature itself which has being and its very being are other, and this is what Boethius says in De hebdomabidus, that being and what is are diverse in all entities except the first.
Sed sciendum est, quod aliquid participatur dupliciter. Uno modo quasi existens de substantia participantis, sicut genus participatur a specie. Hoc autem modo esse non participatur a creatura. Id enim est de substantia rei quod cadit in eius definitione. Ens autem non ponitur in definitione creaturae, quia nec est genus nec differentia. Unde participatur sicut aliquid non existens de essentia rei; et ideo alia quaestio est an est et quid est. Unde, cum omne quod est praeter essentiam rei, dicatur accidens; esse quod pertinet ad quaestionem an est, est accidens. Et ideo Commentator dicit in V Metaphysic., quod ista propositio, Socrates est, est de accidentali praedicato, secundum quod importat entitatem rei, vel veritatem propositionis.	But it must be known that something is participated in in two ways. In one way it is participated in as though belonging to the substance of the thing participating, as a genus is participated in by a species of it. However, a creature does not participate in being this way for that belongs to the substance of a thing which enters into its definition, but being (ens) is not included in the definition of a creature because it is neither a genus nor a difference. So it is participated in as something not belonging to the thing's essence. And therefore, the question 'Is it?' is different from the question 'What is it?' So, since all that is outside a thing's essence may be called an accident; the being which pertains to the question 'Is it?' is an accident. Therefore, the Commentator says on Metaphysica that this proposition, 'Socrates is,' is an accidental predication when it signifies either a thing's being (entitatem) or the truth of a proposition."
Sed verum est quod hoc nomen ens, secundum quod importat rem cui competit huiusmodi esse, sic significat essentiam rei, et dividitur per decem genera; non tamen univoce, quia non eodem ratione competit omnibus esse; sed substantiae quidem per se, aliis autem aliter. Si ergo in Angelo est compositio sicut ex essentia et esse, non tamen est compositio sicut ex partibus substantiae, sed sicut ex substantia et eo quod adhaeret substantiae.	But it is true that this noun 'being' (ens), when it signifies a thing to which such being (esse) is attributable, signifies the thing's essence and according to this signification being is divided into the ten categories. But it does not signify univocally because it is not attributable to all things by the same intelligible notion but is attributable to substance through itself (per se) and to the other categories in another fashion." Therefore, if there is composition in an angel of essence and being, this is not a composition as from the parts of a substance but as from a substance and what adheres to the substance.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod aliquando ex his quae simul iunguntur, relinquitur aliqua res tertia, sicuti ex anima et corpore constituitur humanitas, quae est homo, unde homo componitur ex anima et corpore. Aliquando autem ex his quae simul iunguntur, non resultat res tertia, sed resultat quaedam ratio composita, sicut ratio hominis albi resolvitur in rationem hominis et in rationem albi; et in talibus aliquid componitur ex seipso et alio, sicut album componitur ex eo quod est album et ex albedine.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that sometimes a third thing results from those which are joined together; as the humanity by which a man is a man is constituted from soul and body so a man is composed of soul and body. Sometimes, however, a third thing does not result from those which are joined together but a kind of composite intelligible notion results, as when the notions 'man' and 'white' go to make up the intelligible notion 'white man'. And in such things something is composed of itself and another, just as a white thing is composed of that which is white and whiteness.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod esse est accidens, non quasi per accidens se habens, sed quasi actualitas cuiuslibet substantiae; unde ipse Deus, qui est sua actualitas, est suum esse.	To the second it must be said that being is an accident, not as though related accidentally to a substance, but as the actuality of any substance. Hence God himself, who is his own actuality, is his own being.

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Articulus 2 Utrum in Angelo sit aliud suppositum et natura	Article 2 [Whether in an angel supposit is different from nature.]
Circa secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod in Angelo idem sit suppositum et natura.	On the second we proceed as follows: it seems that supposit and nature are the same in an angel.
In his enim quae sunt composita ex materia et forma differt suppositum et natura: quia suppositum addit supra naturam speciei materiam individualem; quod non potest esse in Angelo, si Angelus non sit compositus ex materia et forma. Ergo in Angelo non differt suppositum et natura.	1. For in these things which are composed of matter and form, supposit and nature differ because the supposit adds individual matter to the nature of the species. This cannot be the case in an angel if the angel is not composed of matter and form. Therefore, supposit and nature do not differ in an angel.
Sed dicebat, quod suppositum in Angelo differt a natura, in quantum suppositum intelligitur ut habens esse, non autem natura. —Sed contra: sicut esse non ponitur in definitione naturae, ita non poneretur in definitione suppositi vel singularis, si suppositum vel singulare definiretur. Ergo suppositum per esse a natura non differt: nullo ergo modo differunt suppositum et natura.	2. But it was objected that in an angel the supposit differs from the nature inasmuch as the supposit is understood as something which has being but the nature is not. —But to the contrary: just as being is not put in the definition of a nature so it would not be put in the definition of a supposit or singular if the supposit or singular were defined. Therefore, the supposit does not differ from the nature through being so supposit and nature differ in no way.
Sed contra, in omnibus creaturis natura constituit suppositum. Sed nihil constituit seipsum. Ergo in nulla creatura est idem suppositum et natura.	But to the contrary: in all creatures a nature constitutes a supposit. But nothing constitutes itself, so in no creature are supposit and nature the same.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod ad huius quaestionis intelligentiam oportet considerare quid sit suppositum et quid natura. Natura autem quamvis multipliciter dicatur, tamen uno modo dicitur natura ipsa substantia rei, ut dicitur in V Metaph., secundum quod substantia significat essentiam vel quidditatem rei, vel quid est. Illud ergo significatur nomine naturae, prout hic loquimur de natura, quod significat definitio: unde Boetius dicit in libro de duabus naturis, quod natura est unumquodque informans specifica differentia: differentia enim specifica est completiva definitionis. Suppositum autem est singulare in genere substantiae, quod dicitur hypostasis vel substantia prima: et quia substantiae sensibiles compositae ex materia et forma sunt magis nobis notae, ideo in eis primo videamus quomodo se habet essentia vel natura ad suppositum.	I answer: it must be stated that in order to understand this question, it is necessary to consider what supposit and nature are. Although we speak of nature in many ways, in one way we call the very substance of a thing the nature, insofar as 'substance' signifies a thing's essence or quiddity or what a thing is, as is said in Metaphysica 5.17 Therefore, as we use the term here 'nature' signifies what a definition signifies. Thus Boethius in De duabus naturis says that "nature is anything which a specific difference gives form to," for the specific difference completes the definition." But a supposit is a singular in the category of substance, and is called a hypostasis or first substance. And because sensible substances composed of matter and form are better known to us, let us first see how essence or nature is related to supposit in them.
Dicunt autem quidam, quod forma partis est idem cum forma totius, quae dicitur essentia vel natura, secundum rem, sed differt sola ratione: nam forma partis dicitur in quantum facit materiam esse in actu; forma autem totius in quantum constituit speciem: sicut anima dicitur forma partis, in quantum facit corpus esse in actu; et similiter dicitur anima forma totius in quantum constituit speciem humanam, et sic dicitur humanitas. Et secundum hoc, in rebus compositis ex materia et forma, natura est pars suppositi: nam suppositum est individuum compositum ex materia et forma, ut dictum est.	Some say that the form of the part is really the same as the form of the whole which is called the essence or nature and differs from it only conceptually. For it is called the form of the part inasmuch as it makes matter actually exist, but the form of the whole inasmuch as it constitutes the species. Thus the soul is called the form of the part inasmuch as it makes the body actually exist, and likewise the form of the whole inasmuch as it constitutes the human species (and in this way it is called humanity). And according to this position, in things composed of matter and form the nature is part of the supposit for the supposit is an individual composed of matter and form, as we said.
Sed praedicta positio non videtur esse vera, quia, ut dictum est, natura vel essentia dicitur id quod significat definitio. Definitio autem in rebus naturalibus non solum significat formam, sed etiam materiam, ut dicitur in Lib. VI Metaphysic. Nec potest dici quod materia ponatur in definitione rei naturalis sicut non existens de essentia eius: hoc enim est proprium accidentis ut definiatur per aliquod quod non est essentia eius, scilicet per subiectum; et ideo habet essentiam incomplete, ut dicitur in VI Metaphys. Relinquitur ergo quod in rebus compositis ex materia et forma, essentia vel natura non sit sola forma, sed compositum ex materia et forma.	But the aforementioned position does not seem to be true because the nature or essence is that which a definition signifies. Yet a definition in natural things signifies not only form but also matter, as is said in Metaphysica 6. Nor can it be said that matter is put in the definition of a natural thing as something not belonging to its essence, for it is proper to an accident to be defined through something which is not its essence, namely through its subject, and therefore it has essence incompletely as Metaphysica says. The only remaining possibility, therefore, is that in things composed of matter and form the essence or nature is not the form alone but the composite of matter and form.
Restat ergo considerandum, cum suppositum vel individuum naturale sit compositum ex materia et forma, utrum sit idem essentiae vel naturae. Et hanc quaestionem movet philosophus in libro VII Metaph. ubi inquirit, utrum sit idem unumquodque, et quod quid est eius: et determinat, quod in his quae dicuntur per se, idem est res et quod quid est rei; in his autem quae dicuntur per accidens, non est idem. Homo enim nihil est aliud quam quod quid est hominis: nihil enim aliud significat homo quam animal gressibile bipes; sed res alba non est idem omnino ei quod quid est album, quod scilicet significatur nomine albi: nam album nihil significat nisi qualitatem, ut dicitur in praedicamentis: res autem alba est substantia habens qualitatem. Secundum hoc ergo, cuicumque potest aliquid accidere quod non sit de ratione suae naturae, in eo differt res et quod quid est, sive suppositum et natura. Nam in significatione naturae includitur solum id quod est de ratione speciei; suppositum autem non solum habet haec quae ad rationem speciei pertinent, sed etiam alia quae ei accidunt; et ideo suppositum signatur per totum, natura autem, sive quidditas, ut pars formalis.	It remains to be considered whether, since a supposit or natural individual is composed of matter and form, it is the same as its essence or nature. And the Philosopher raises the question in Metaphysica 7 where he inquires whether a thing and its quiddity are the same. And he determines that in cases of per se predication they are the same, but where there is predication per accidens, they are not the same. For a man is nothing other than that which is essential to man, for 'man' signifies nothing but a biped animal capable of walking. But a white thing is not entirely the same as the essence white which is signified by the term 'white' for 'white' only signifies a quality, as is said in the Categoriae; however a white thing is a substance which has a quality. Therefore, in the case of anything to which something which does not belong to the intelligible structure of its nature can be accidental, the thing and the essence, or the supposit and the nature, differ. For in the signification of the nature is included only that which belongs to the intelligible structure of the species. But the supposit not only has what belongs to the intelligible structure of the species, but also other characteristics which are accidental to it. And therefore, the supposit is signified in the manner of a whole; however the nature or quiddity is signified as a formal part of it.
In solo autem Deo non invenitur aliquod accidens praeter eius essentiam, quia suum esse est sua essentia, ut dictum est; et ideo in Deo est omnino idem suppositum et natura. In Angelo autem non est omnino idem: quia aliquid accidit ei praeter id quod est de ratione suae speciei: quia et ipsum esse Angeli est praeter eius essentiam seu naturam; et alia quaedam ei accidunt quae omnino pertinent ad suppositum, non autem ad naturam.	In God alone, however, no accident is found outside his essence because his being is his essence, as we said. And therefore in God supposit and nature are entirely the same. But in an angel they are not entirely the same because something outside what belongs to the intelligible structure of its species is accidental to it, both because the very being of an angel is outside its essence or nature, and some other characteristics which belong entirely to the supposit are accidental to it but not to the nature.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod non solum in compositis ex materia et forma invenitur aliquod accidens praeter essentiam ipsius speciei, sed etiam in substantiis spiritualibus quae non componuntur ex materia et forma; et ideo in utrisque suppositum non est omnino idem quod ipsa natura. Hoc tamen est aliter et aliter in utrisque. Dupliciter autem aliquid accipitur ut accidens praeter rationem rei. Uno modo quia non cadit in definitione significante essentiam rei, sed tamen est designativum vel determinativum alicuius essentialium principiorum; sicut rationale accidit animali, utpote praeter definitionem eius existens, et tamen est determinativum essentialiter animalis; unde est essentiale homini, et de ratione eius existens. Alio modo accidit aliquid alicui, quia nec est in eius definitione, nec est determinativum alicuius essentialium principiorum; sicut albedo accidit homini. His ergo quae sunt composita ex materia et forma, accidit aliquid praeter rationem speciei existens utroque modo. Cum enim de ratione speciei humanae sit quod componatur ex anima et corpore, determinatio corporis et animae est praeter rationem speciei, et accidit homini in quantum est homo, quod sit ex hac anima et ex hoc corpore; sed convenit per se huic homini, de cuius ratione esset, si definiretur, quod esset ex hac anima et ex hoc corpore; sicut de ratione hominis communis est quod sit ex anima et corpore. Accidunt etiam compositis ex materia et forma praeter rationem speciei multa alia quae non sunt determinativa essentialium principiorum. Substantiis vero immaterialibus creatis accidunt quidem aliqua praeter rationem speciei quae non sunt determinativa essentialium principiorum, ut dictum est; non tamen accidunt eis aliqua quae sunt determinativa essentiae speciei: quia ipsa natura speciei non individuatur per materiam, sed per seipsam, ex hoc quod talis forma non est nata recipi in aliqua materia; unde per se ipsam non est multiplicabilis, neque praedicabilis de pluribus. Sed quia non est suum esse, accidit ei aliquid praeter rationem speciei, scilicet ipsum esse, et alia quaedam quae attribuuntur supposito, et non naturae; propter quod suppositum in eis non est omnino idem cum natura.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that not only in composites of matter and form do we find some accident outside the essence of the species itself, but also in spiritual substances which are not composed of matter and form. And therefore, in both the supposit is not entirely the same as the nature itself. However, it happens differently in each case for something is taken as an accident outside the intelligible structure of a thing in two ways. In one way because it does not enter into the definition signifying the essence of the thing but is, however, designative or determinative of some one of the essential principles. In this way rational is accidental to animal as belonging outside its definition and is, nonetheless, essentially determinative of 'animal'; hence it is essential to a man and belongs to the intelligible structure of a man. In the other way something is accidental to something because it is neither in its definition nor determinative of any of its essential principles. In this way whiteness is accidental to a man. Therefore, in both ways something which belongs outside the intelligible structure of the species is accidental to those things which are composed of matter and form. For since the intelligible structure of the human species comprehends man's composition of soul and body, the determination of body and soul which is from this soul and this body is outside the intelligible structure of the species and is accidental to a man as a man. But it is attributable of itself to this man to whose intelligible structure it would belong, if he were defined, that he be from this soul and this body, just as it pertains to the intelligible structure of man in general that he be composed of a soul and a body. Many other characteristics outside the intelligible structure of the species which are not determinative of the essential principles are also accidental to composites of matter and form. Some characteristics outside the intelligible structure of the species which are not determinative of the essential principles are present, as accidents, to created immaterial substances, as we said. However, some characteristics which are determinative of the species' essence are not accidental to them because the very nature of the species is not individuated through matter but through itself only, from the fact that such a form is not suited to being received in any matter; whence through itself only it is not capable of multiplication nor predicable of many/But because such a substance is not its being, something outside the intelligible structure of the species is accidental to it, namely being itself and certain other characteristics which are attributed to the supposit and not to the nature. Thus in such a substance the supposit is not entirely the same as the nature.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod non omne quod accidit alicui praeter rationem speciei, est determinativum essentiae ipsius, ut oporteat illud poni in ratione eius, sicut dictum est. Et ideo, licet ipsum esse non sit de ratione suppositi, quia tamen pertinet ad suppositum, et non est de ratione naturae, manifestum est quod suppositum et natura non sunt omnino idem in quibuscumque res non est suum esse.	To the second it must be said that not everything outside the intelligible structure of the species which is accidental to something is determinative of the very essence so that it is necessarily included in its intelligible structure, as we said. And therefore, although being itself does not belong to a supposit's intelligible structure, yet because it belongs to the supposit and does not belong to the nature's intelligible structure, it is clear that supposit and nature are not entirely the same in any cases in which a thing is not its being.
Ad illud vero quod in contrarium obiicitur, dicendum, quod natura dicitur constituere suppositum etiam in compositis ex materia et forma, non quia natura sit una res et suppositum alia res (hoc enim est secundum opinionem dicentium quod natura speciei sit forma tantum, quae constituit suppositum sicut totum); sed quia secundum modum significandi natura significatur ut pars, ratione supradicta, suppositum vero ut totum; natura significatur ut constituens, et suppositum ut constitutum.	To that which is objected on the contrary side it must be said that in composites of matter and form also a nature is said to constitute a supposit, not because a nature is one thing and a supposit another (for this is the case according to the opinion of those who say that the nature of a species is only the form which constitutes the supposit as a whole), but because according to the manner of signifying, a nature is signified as a part for the aforesaid reason and a supposit is signified as a whole. A nature is signified as what constitutes, a supposit as what is constituted.

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Deinde quaesitum est de tempore, per quod Deus movet creaturam spiritualem, secundum Augustinum.	Question 3: Then it was asked about the time through which God moves a spiritual creature, according to Augustine.
Utrum tempus movens creaturam spiritualem sit idem cum tempore quod mensurat motus corporalium rerum	Whether the time which moves a spiritual creature is the same as the time which measures the motions of corporeal things:
Et videtur quod sic.	It seems so.
Quia neque Augustinus diversitatem hanc temporum assignat, neque aliquis philosophus. Vanum ergo videtur hanc diversitatem temporum assignare.	1. Because neither Augustine nor any other philosopher ascribes a diversity of times. Therefore, it seems fruitless to do so.
Praeterea, omne quod est, in quantum est, unum est. Si ergo non sit unum tempus, sed diversa, non erit ens; quod est inconveniens. Oportet ergo ponere unum tempus tantum.	2. Moreover, everything that exists, insofar as it exists, is one. If then there is not one time but diverse times, there will be no being, which is incoherent. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain only one time.
Sed contra.	But to the contrary:
Tempus quo mensurantur corporales motus, est numerus motus primi caeli, secundum philosophum in Lib. IV Physic. Sed tempus per quod moventur Angeli, non habet aliquem ordinem ad motum. Ergo illud tempus est aliud a tempore corporalium rerum.	1. the time by which corporeal motions are measured is the numbering of the motion of the first heaven, according to the Philosopher in Physica 4. But the time through which angels are moved does not have any relation to motion. Therefore that time is other than the time of corporeal things.
Praeterea, perpetuo et corruptibili nihil est commune nisi secundum nomen, ut dicitur in X Metaphysic. Sed Angeli sunt perpetui, corpora autem sunt corruptibilis. Non ergo idem tempus est utrorumque.	2. Moreover, nothing is common to what is perpetual and what is perishable except in name, as is said in Metaphysica 10. But angels are perpetual, and bodies are perishable. Therefore, their times are not the same.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod, sicut Augustinus dicit in II de Civit. Dei, tempora non fuissent, nisi creatura fieret, quae aliquid aliqua motione mutaret: cuius mutationis cum aliud atque aliud, quae simul esse non possunt, cedit atque succedit, sequitur tempus. Ex quo accipitur quod etiam philosophus dicit in IV Physic., quod oportet loqui de tempore secundum rationem motus; nam tempus est numerus motus secundum prius et posterius. Omnes ergo motus qui possunt mensurari una mensura, habent unum tempus; si qui vero motus sunt qui non possunt una mensura mensurari, necesse est quod eorum sit diversum tempus. Cum autem mensura sit homogenea mensurato, ut dicitur in Lib. X Metaphys.; manifestum est quod omnia quae sunt unius generis, possunt habere unam mensuram communem, non autem quae sunt generum diversorum. Omnes autem motus continui conveniunt in uno genere, in quantum sunt commensurabiles, et ideo possunt habere unam mensuram communem. Mensurantur enim omnes simplicissimo modo sui generis, scilicet velocissimo motu primi caeli. Unde omnium motuum continuorum potest esse unum tempus commune. Quod quidem tempus, licet videatur esse secundum genus de numero discretorum, quia est numerus harum rerum continuarum, scilicet motuum, fit et ipsum continuum; sicut decem simpliciter dictum, est aliquid discretum; sed decem ulnae panni est aliquid continuum. Discretorum autem et continuorum non potest esse una mensura communis, cum sint diversorum generum, in quantum sunt mensurabilia;	I answer: it must be said that, as Augustine says in De civitate Dei 2, there would not have been times unless there were a creature which changed something by some motion. Time follows on this change when things which are diverse and cannot exist simultaneously move and succeed one another. From this what the Philosopher says in Physica 4 is also understood: "It is necessary to speak of time according to the intelligible structure of motion, for time is the numbering of motion according to before and after." Therefore, all motions which can be measured by one measure have one time and if there are motions which cannot be measured by one measure, then necessarily their times are diverse. However, since a measure is of like kind with what is measured, as Metaphysica 10 says, it is clear that all that belong to one genus can have one common measure, but what belong to diverse genera cannot. Now all continuous motions belong to one genus insofar as they are commensurable, and therefore they can have one common measure. For all are measured by the simplest in their genus, namely by the fastest motion of the first heaven, so there can be one common time for all continuous motions. This time indeed, although it seems to belong to the genus of the numbering of discrete things, because it is the numbering of these continuous things, namely motions, it becomes also itself continuous, just as ten simply understood is something discrete but ten lengths of cloth are something continuous. However, there cannot be one common measure of discrete and continuous things since it belongs to diverse genera insofar as they are measurable.
et ideo necesse est, si sunt aliqui motus continui, quod tempus eorum aliud sit a motu quo mensurantur motus discreti. Manifestum est autem quod motus spiritualium creaturarum, de quibus Augustinus loquitur, dicens creaturam spiritualem moveri per tempus et non per locum, non sunt motus continui, sed vicissitudines quaedam discretae. Dicit enim, quod per tempus movetur animus, vel reminiscendo quod oblitus erat, vel discendo quod nesciebat, vel volendo quod nolebat. Unde manifestum est, quod cum tempus non habeat continuitatem nisi ex motu, quod tale tempus non habeat continuum, et quod est aliud a tempore corporalium rerum.	And therefore it is necessary, if there be some non-continuous motions, that their time be other than the motion by which continuous motions are measured. But clearly the motions of spiritual creatures, of which Augustine speaks when he says spiritual creatures are moved through time and not through place, are not continuous motions but certain discrete changes. For he says that a mind is moved through time either by remembering what was forgotten, or by learning what it did not know, or by willing what it did not will. So it is clear that since time has continuity only from motion, such time has no continuum and is different from the time of corporeal things.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod Augustinus ex ipsa differentia motuum dat intelligere differentiam temporum.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that Augustine makes the difference of times understood from the very difference of the motions.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod eo modo aliquid est unum, quo est et dicitur esse. Quod enim dicitur esse secundum speciem, est unum specie, non autem unum numero. Unde non sequitur, si sint plures homines, quod non sit homo. Et similiter non sequitur, si sint plura tempora, quod non sit tempus.	To the second it must be said that something is one in that way in which it is said to exist. For what is said to exist according to species is one in species but not in number. So it does not follow that if there are many men that the species man does not exist. And likewise it does not follow that if there are many times time does not exist.

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Deinde quaesitum est de homine. —Et primo quantum ad virtutes. —Secundo quantum ad peccata. —Tertio quantum ad poenas. Circa virtutes autem fuit quaesitum et quantum ad res divinas, et quantum ad res humanas.	Question 4: Then questions were asked concerning man: first as to the virtues, second as to sins, third as to punishments. Concerning the virtues, however, questions were asked both in relation to divine matters and human matters.
Quantum ad res divinas, quaesita sunt tria.	Three questions were asked with regard to virtues in relation to divine matters:
Primo circa fidem; utrum aliquis teneretur credere Christo visibilia miracula non facienti.	1. concerning faith, whether someone would be bound to believe a Christ who did not perform visible miracles?
Secundo circa fidei sacramentum; utrum parvuli Iudaeorum sint baptizandi invitis parentibus.	2. concerning the sacrament of faith, whether the children of Jews are to be baptized when their parents are unwilling?
Tertio circa decimas quae debentur ministris sacramentorum; utrum aliquis propter consuetudinem possit excusari ne decimas solvat.	3. concerning tithes which are owed to ministers of the sacraments, whether someone can be excused from paying tithes because of a custom?
Utrum aliquis teneretur credere Christo visibilia miracula non facienti	Article 1: Whether men ought to have believed a Christ who did not perform visible miracles?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod Christo non facienti visibilia miracula homines credere non tenerentur.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that men were not bound to believe a Christ who did not perform visible miracles.
Quicumque enim non facit hoc ad quod tenetur, peccat. Sed si homines non crederent Christo miracula non facienti, non peccarent; dicit enim ipse, Ioan. XV, 24: si opera non fecissem in eis quae nullus alius fecit, peccatum non haberent; et loquitur de peccato infidelitatis, secundum Augustinum. Ergo Christo, si non fecisset miracula, homines credere non tenerentur.	1. For whoever does not do this to which he is bound, sins. But if men did not believe a Christ who did not perform miracles, they did not sin. Christ himself says in John 15:24, "If I had not done among them works which no one else did, they would not have had sin," and according to Augustine he is speaking of the sin of lack of faith. Therefore, men would not have been bound to believe Christ if he had not performed miracles.
Praeterea, nullus potest mutare legem nisi legislator, vel eo superior. Sed Christus praedicabat quaedam quae videbantur pertinere ad veteris legis abolitionem; sicut quod cibi non coinquinarent hominem, et quod licet in sabbato operari. Si ergo non probasset se esse legislatorem, non fuisset ei credendum. Sed hoc fieri non potuisset nisi per miracula, cum legislatorem multa miracula praecesserint. Ergo Christo non erat credendum, nisi miracula fecisset.	2. Moreover, only a lawmaker or someone higher than him can change the law. But Christ taught some things which seemed to pertain to the abolition of the Old Law, such as that foods do not defile a man, and that it is permissible to work on the sabbath. If, therefore, he had not proved himself to be a lawmaker, it would not have been necessary to believe him. But he could not have proved this except through miracles since many miracles had preceded the law-making. Therefore, it was not necessary to believe Christ unless he had performed miracles.
Sed contra.	But to the contrary:
Magis obligantur homines ad credendum primae veritati quam ad credendum visibilibus signis. Sed licet Christus miracula non fecisset, ipse tamen verus Deus existens, prima veritas erat. Ergo etiam si miracula non fecisset, adhuc erat ei credendum.	1. men are obligated to believe the first truth more than visible signs. But even though Christ had not performed miracles, he himself, being the true God, was the first truth. Therefore, even if he had not performed miracles, it was still necessary to believe him.
Praeterea, gratia unionis est maior quam gratia gratum faciens per adoptionem. Sed miracula non sufficienter probant gratiam gratum facientem: quia, ut habetur Matth., VII, v. 22, his qui Christo in iudicio dicent: domine (...) in nomine tuo virtutes multas fecimus; respondebitur: non novi vos. Ergo multo minus miracula sufficiunt ad probandum gratiam unionis. Si ergo sine miraculis Christo homines credere non tenerentur, neque etiam miraculis factis tenebantur credere dicenti se esse Deum: quod patet esse falsum.	2. Moreover, the grace of union is greater than the grace which sanctifies. But miracles do not sufficiently prove a sanctifying grace because, as Matthew 7:22 says to those who say to Christ at judgment, "Lord, we did many wonderful things in your name," it will be answered, "I did not know you." Therefore, much less do miracles suffice to prove a grace of union. If then men were not bound to believe Christ without miracles, even when miracles were performed they were not bound to believe the one who said he was God, which is clearly false.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod nullus tenetur ad hoc quod est supra vires suas nisi per hunc modum quo sit sibi possibile. Credere autem est super potentiam hominis naturalem, unde ex dono Dei provenit, secundum illud apostoli ad Ephes., II, 8: gratia salvati estis per fidem, et hoc non ex vobis, Dei enim donum est; et ad Philipp., I, 29, dicit: vobis datum est non solum ut in ipsum credatis, sed ut pro ipso patiamini. Homo ergo tenetur credere secundum hoc quod adiuvatur a Deo aliquis ad credendum.	I answer: it must be stated that no one is bound to what is above his powers except in the manner in which it is possible for him. However, believing is above man's natural power. Hence it arises from a gift of God, according to what the Apostle says in Ephesians 2:8, "For by grace you are saved through faith not from yourselves for it is the gift of God," and in Philippians 1:29, "It is given you not only to believe in him but to suffer for him as well." A man, therefore, is bound to believe insofar as he is helped by God to believe.
Adiuvatur autem a Deo aliquis ad credendum tripliciter. Primo quidem per interiorem vocationem, de qua dicitur Ioan., VI, 45: omnis qui audivit a patre, et didicit, venit ad me; et ad Roman., VIII, 30: quos praedestinavit, hos et vocavit. Secundo per doctrinam et praedicationem exteriorem, secundum illud apostoli ad Roman., X, 17: fides ex auditu, auditus autem per verbum Christi. Tertio per exteriora miracula; unde dicitur I Corinth., XIV, 22, quod signa data sunt infidelibus, ut scilicet per ea provocentur ad fidem. Si autem Christus visibilia miracula non fecisset, adhuc remanebant alii modi attrahendi ad fidem, quibus homines acquiescere tenerentur. Tenebantur enim homines credere auctori legis et prophetarum. Tenebantur etiam interiori vocationi non resistere, sicut Isaias, de se dicit: dominus Deus aperuit mihi aurem; ego autem non contradico, retrorsum non abii; sicut de quibusdam dicitur Act., VII, 51: vos semper spiritui sancto restitistis.	Now God helps someone to believe in three ways. First through an inner calling, concerning which John 6:45 says, "Everyone who has heard and learned from the Father comes to me," and Romans 8:30 says, "Whom he predestined, these also he called." Second through outer teaching and preaching, according to the Apostle in Romans 10:17, "Faith comes from hearing, hearing however through the word of Christ." Third through outer miracles, whence 1 Cor. 14:22 says that signs are given to those lacking faith in order that they may be roused to faith through them. If Christ had not performed visible miracles, however, there still remained other ways of drawing to faith to which men would be bound to give assent. For men were bound to believe the authority of the law and the prophets. They were also bound not to resist an inner calling, as Isaiah 50:5 says concerning himself, "The Lord God opened my ear, but I did not resist nor turn away back," (as Acts 7:51 says concerning some, "You always resist the Holy Spirit").
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod inter illa opera quae Christus in hominibus fecit, annumerari etiam debet vocatio interior, qua quosdam attraxit; sicut Gregorius dicit in quadam homilia, quod Christus per misericordiam Magdalenam traxit interius, qui etiam per clementiam suscepit foris. Annumerari etiam debet eius doctrina, cum etiam ipse dicat: si non venissem, et locutus eis non fuissem, peccatum non haberent.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that among those works which Christ performed among men, we should also count the inner calling by which he drew some people. Gregory says in a homily that Christ through compassion drew Mary Magdalene from within whom he also received through gentleness without. We should also count his teaching since he himself also says (John 15:22), "If I had not come and spoken to them they had had no sin."
Ad secundum dicendum, quod Christus poterat se ostendere esse legislatorem non solum faciendo visibilia miracula, sed etiam per auctoritatem Scripturae, et per interiorem instinctum.	To the second it must be said that Christ was able to show himself to be a lawmaker, not only by performing visible miracles, but also through the authority of scripture and through inner inspiration.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod interior instinctus, quo Christus poterat se manifestare sine miraculis exterioribus, pertinet ad virtutem primae veritatis, quae interius hominem illuminat et docet.	To the third it must be said that the inner inspiration by which Christ could manifest himself without outer miracles pertains to the power of the first truth which illuminates and teaches man inwardly.
Ad quartum dicendum, quod miracula visibilia fiunt virtute divina ad confirmationem virtutis fidei; unde dicitur Marci, XVI, 20, de apostolis, quod praedicaverunt ubique, domino cooperante, et sermonem confirmante sequentibus signis. Non autem fiunt miracula semper ad demonstrandum gratiam eius per quem miracula fiunt; et ideo potest contingere quod aliquis gratiam gratum facientem non habens, miracula faciat. Sed hoc contingere non potest quod aliquis falsam doctrinam annuntians, vera miracula faciat, quae nisi virtute divina fieri non possunt; sic enim Deus esset falsitatis testis, quod est impossibile. Cum ergo Christus se filium Dei diceret, et aequalem Deo, hanc eius doctrinam comprobabant miracula quae faciebat; et ideo ostendebatur Christus per miracula quae faciebat, esse Deus. Petrus autem, licet eadem vel maiora miracula faceret, non probabatur esse Deus, sed per ea etiam probabatur quod Christus esset Deus; quia Petrus non praedicabat seipsum, sed Iesum Christum esse Deum.	To the fourth it must be said that visible miracles are performed by divine power in order to strengthen the virtue of faith, whence Mark 16:20 says concerning the apostles that "they preached everywhere, the Lord working with them and confirming the words with signs that followed." However, miracles are not always performed in order to demonstrate the grace of him through whom they are performed. And therefore it can happen that someone without the grace which sanctifies may perform miracles. But it cannot happen that someone announcing a false doctrine should perform a true miracle which can only be performed by divine power, for thus God would be a witness to falsehood, which is impossible. Therefore, when Christ called himself the son of God and equal to God, the miracles which he performed confirmed his teaching, and Christ was shown to be God through them. However Peter, although he performed the same or greater miracles, was not proved to be God but through them also Christ was proved to be God because Peter did not teach that he himself, but rather Jesus Christ, was God.

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Articulus 2 Utrum parvuli Iudaeorum sint baptizandi invitis parentibus	Article 2 Whether the children of Jews should be baptized when their parents are unwilling?
Ad secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod pueri Iudaeorum sint baptizandi invitis parentibus.	On the second we proceed as follows: it seems that the children of Jews should be baptized when their parents are unwilling for them to be.
Maius enim est vinculum matrimoniale quam ius paternae potestatis; quia paterna potestas potest per hominem solvi, cum filius familias emancipatur; vinculum autem matrimoniale non potest solvi per hominem, secundum illud Matth., XIX, 6: quos Deus coniunxit, homo non separet. Sed propter infidelitatem solvitur vinculum matrimoniale; dicit enim apostolus, I ad Cor., VII, 15: quod si infidelis discedit, discedat: non enim servituti est subiectus frater aut soror in huiusmodi; et canon dicit quod si coniux infidelis non vult cohabitare sine contumelia creatoris, quod alter coniugum non debet ei cohabitare. Ergo multo magis propter infidelitatem tollitur ius paternae potestatis. Sic ergo infideles et Iudaei non habent ius paternae potestatis in suos filios; possunt ergo eorum filii baptizari eis invitis.	1. For the marriage bond is greater than the right of parental power because parental power can be dissolved by man when a child is emancipated, but the marriage bond cannot be dissolved by man, according to Matthew 19:6, "Let man not separate whom God has joined together." The marriage bond is dissolved because of lack of belief, for the Apostle says in 1 Cor. 7:15, "Because if an unbeliever departs, let him depart, for a brother or a sister is not bound in such cases," and canon law says that if an unbelieving spouse does not want to cohabit with the other, without affront to the creator, then the other spouse is not obligated to cohabit with him or her." Therefore, much more is the right of parental power removed because of lack of belief. So then, unbelieving Jews do not have the right of parental power over their children. Their children can therefore be baptized when the parents are unwilling.
Praeterea, magis debet homini subveniri contra periculum mortis aeternae quam contra periculum mortis temporalis. Sed si aliquis videret hominem in periculo mortis temporalis et ei non ferret auxilium, peccaret. Cum ergo pueri Iudaeorum et aliorum infidelium sint in periculo mortis aeternae si parentibus relinquantur, qui eos in sua infidelitate informant, videtur quod sint eis auferendi, et baptizandi, et in fide instruendi.	2. Moreover, we ought more to aid men against the danger of eternal death than against the danger of temporal death. But if someone saw a man in danger of temporal death and did not aid him, he would sin. So since the children of Jews and other unbelievers are in danger of eternal death if they are left to their parents who instruct them in their lack of belief, it seems that they should be removed from them and baptized and instructed in the faith.
Praeterea, filii servorum sunt servi et in potestate dominorum. Sed Iudaei sunt servi regum et principum. Ergo et filii eorum. Reges ergo et principes habent potestatem de filiis Iudaeorum facere quod voluerint. Nulla ergo esset iniuria, si baptizarentur invitis parentibus.	3. Moreover, slaves' children are slaves and in the power of their lords. But Jews are slaves of kings and princes, therefore so are their children, hence kings and princes have the power to do what they want concerning the children of Jews. Therefore, there would be no harm if they were baptized when their parents are unwilling.
Praeterea, quilibet homo magis est Dei, a quo habet animam, quam patris carnalis, a quo habet corpus. Non est ergo iniustum, si pueri Iudaeorum carnalibus parentibus auferantur, et Deo per Baptismum consecrentur.	4. Further, any man belongs more to God from whom he has his soul than to his parent of the flesh from whom he has his body. So it is not unjust if the children of Jews be removed from their parents of the flesh and consecrated to God through baptism.
Praeterea, Baptismus est efficacior ad salutem quam praedicatio; quia per Baptismum statim tollitur peccati macula et reatus poenae, et aperitur ianua caeli. Sed si periculum sequatur ex defectu praedicationis, imputatur ei qui non praedicavit; ut habetur Ez., III, 18 et XXXIII, 6, de eo qui vidit gladium venientem, et non insonuerit tuba. Ergo multo magis, si pueri Iudaeorum damnentur propter defectum Baptismi, imputatur ad peccatum eis qui potuerunt baptizare et non baptizaverunt.	5. Further, baptism is more efficacious for salvation than is preaching because through baptism the stain of sin and guilt of punishment are removed at once, and the door of heaven is opened. But if danger follows from lack of preaching it is imputed to him who did not preach, as is said in Ezekiel 3:18 and 33:6 concerning the man who saw the sword coming and did not sound the trumpet. Therefore, if the children of Jews are damned because of lack of baptism, all the more is it imputed as a sin to those who could baptize and did not.
Sed contra, nemini facienda est iniuria. Fieret autem Iudaeis iniuria, si eorum filii baptizarentur eis invitis, quia amitterent ius paternae potestatis in filios iam fideles. Ergo eis invitis non sunt baptizandi.	But to the contrary: harm must be done to no one. Now it would harm the Jews if their children were baptized when they were unwilling, because they would lose the right of parental power over their children as soon as the children joined the believers. Therefore, they must not be baptized when their parents are unwilling;
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod maximam auctoritatem habet Ecclesiae consuetudo, quae semper est in omnibus aemulanda: quia et ipsa doctrina Catholicorum doctorum ab Ecclesia auctoritatem habet; unde magis est standum consuetudini Ecclesiae quam vel auctoritati Augustini vel Hieronymi, vel cuiuscumque doctoris. Hoc autem Ecclesiae usus nunquam habuit quod Iudaeorum filii invitis parentibus baptizarentur, quamvis fuerint retroactis temporibus multi Catholici principes potentissimi, ut Constantinus, Theodosius, et alii plures, quibus familiares fuerunt sanctissimi episcopi, ut Silvester Constantino, et Ambrosius Theodosio, qui nullo modo praetermisissent ab eis impetrare, si hoc esset consonum rationi. Et ideo periculosum videtur hanc assertionem de novo inducere, ut praeter consuetudinem in Ecclesia hactenus observatam Iudaeorum filii invitis parentibus baptizentur.	I answer: it must be said that the custom of the Church has the greatest authority which must always be followed in all things, because even the very teaching of the catholic theologians has authority from the Church. Hence we should stand more on the Church's custom than on the authority of Augustine or Jerome or any teacher. Now the Church never had the practice of baptizing the children of Jews when their parents were unwilling, although in past times there were many very powerful catholic princes such as Constantine, Theodosius, and many others with whom very holy bishops were friendly, such as Silvester with Constantine, and Ambrose with Theodosius. These princes would not have neglected to obtain [the power] from them if this were harmonious with reason. And therefore it seems dangerous to assert anew, contrary to the custom so far observed in the Church, that the children of Jews may be baptized when their parents are unwilling.
Et huius ratio est duplex. Una quidem propter periculum fidei. Si enim pueri nondum usum rationis habentes Baptismum susciperent, postmodum cum ad perfectam aetatem pervenirent, de facili possent a parentibus induci ut relinquerent quod ignorantes susceperunt: quod verteretur in fidei detrimentum. Alia vero ratio est, quia repugnat iustitiae naturali. Filius enim naturaliter est aliquid patris; et primo quidem a parente non distinguitur secundum corpus, quamdiu in matris utero continetur; postmodum vero, postquam ex utero egreditur, antequam usum liberi arbitrii habeat, continetur sub parentum cura sicut sub quodam spirituali utero. Quamdiu enim usum rationis non habet puer, non differt quantum ad ea quae agit, ab animali irrationali. Unde sicut bos vel equus iure gentium vel civili est possessoris, ut utatur eo cum voluerit, sicut proprio instrumento; ita de iure naturali est quod filius antequam habeat usum rationis, sit sub cura patris; unde contra iustitiam naturalem esset, si puer antequam haberet usum liberi arbitrii, a cura parentum subtrahatur, vel de eo aliquid ordinetur invitis parentibus. Postquam autem incipit habere usum liberi arbitrii, iam incipit esse suus, et potest quantum ad ea quae sunt iuris divini vel naturalis, sibi ipsi providere; et tunc est inducendus ad fidem non coactione, sed persuasione; et potest etiam invitis parentibus consentire fidei et baptizari; non autem antequam habeat usum rationis.	There are two reasons for this. One is because of the danger to the faith. For if children who do not yet have the use of reason undertake baptism, later when they arrive at adulthood they may easily be led by their parents to relinquish what they undertook when ignorant, and this might be turned to the detriment of the faith. The other reason is that it is contrary to natural justice. For a child naturally belongs to his parents. At first he is not distinguished from his parent physically so long as he is contained in his mother's womb. Later, after he passes out of the womb and before he has the use of free choice, he is in the care of his parents as in a kind of spiritual womb. For as long as a child does not have the use of reason he does not differ from a non-rational animal in what he does. So, just as a cow or a horse belongs by civil law or the law of the people to the owner so that he may use it when he wants as his own instrument, so according to natural law a child before he has the use of reason is under his parents' care. It would then be against natural justice if a child before he had the use of free choice were taken away from his parents' care or if something were ordered concerning him against his parents' will. However, after he begins to have the use of free choice he begins to be his own person and can provide for himself with regard to those things which pertain to divine or natural law. And then he should be led to the faith, not by compulsion but by persuasion, and he can also consent to the faith and be baptized when his parents are unwilling — not, however, before he has the use of reason.
Unde de pueris antiquorum patrum dicitur, quod salvabantur in fide parentum: per quod datur intelligi quod ad parentes pertinet providere filiis de sua salute, praecipue antequam habeant usum rationis.	Hence it is said of the children of parents in ancient times that they were saved in their parents' faith, through which we are given to understand that it is up to the parents to provide for their children's salvation, especially before they have the use of reason.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod in vinculo matrimoniali uterque coniugum habet usum liberi arbitrii, et uterque potest invito altero fidei assentire; sed hoc non habet locum in puero antequam habeat usum rationis; sed postquam habet usum rationis, tunc tenet similitudo, si converti voluerit.	Therefore, to the first it must be stated that in the marriage bond each spouse has the use of free choice and each can assent to the faith when the other is unwilling. But this is not so with a child before he has the use of reason. The likeness holds after he has the use of reason, if he wants to be converted.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod a temporali non est aliquis eripiendus contra ordinem iuris civilis: puta, si aliquis a suo iudice condemnetur ad mortem, nullus debet eum violenter eripere; unde nec aliquis debet irrumpere ordinem iuris naturalis, quo filius est sub cura patris, ut eum liberet a periculo mortis aeternae.	To the second it must be stated that no one must be taken away from temporal death against the order of the civil law. For example if someone is condemned to death by its judge, no one ought to rescue him violently. Neither then ought anyone violate the order of natural law by which a child is under his parents' care in order to free him from the danger of eternal death.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod Iudaei sunt servi principum servitute civili, quae non excludit ordinem iuris naturalis vel divini.	To the third it must be said that the Jews are slaves of princes by a civil servitude which does not exclude the order of natural or divine law.
Ad quartum dicendum, quod homo ordinatur ad Deum per rationem, per quam Deum cognoscere potest: unde puer antequam usum rationis habeat, naturali ordine ordinatur in Deum per rationem parentum, quorum curae naturaliter subiacet; et secundum eorum dispositionem sunt circa ipsum divina agenda.	To the fourth it must be said that man is ordered to God through reason through which he can know God. So a child before he has the use of reason is ordered to God by a natural order through the reason of his parents to whose care he is naturally subject. And divine things must be done concerning him according to their disposition.
Ad quintum dicendum, quod periculum quod sequitur ex praedicatione omissa, nulli imminet nisi ei cui est commissum praedicationis officium; unde in Ezech., cap. XXXIII, v. 7, praemittit: speculatorem dedi te filiis Israel. Providere autem pueris infidelium de sacramentis salutis pertinet ad parentes eorum; unde eis imminet periculum propter subtractionem sacramentorum, si eorum parvuli detrimentum salutis patiantur.	To the fifth it must be said that the danger following from neglected preaching threatens only him to whom the duty of preaching was from men making particular determinations about particular matters on the basis of the precepts of natural law. Divine law is that given by God to direct men to their supernatural end, e.g., the Old and New Laws.

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Articulus 3 Utrum aliquis propter consuetudinem possit excusari ne decimas solvat	Article 3 Whether some people can be excused from the law of paying tithes because of a custom?
Ad tertium sic proceditur: videtur quod propter consuetudinem aliqui deobligantur a iure reddendi decimas.	On the third we proceed as follows: it seems that some people are excused from the law of paying tithes because of a custom.
Magis enim est accipere decimas quam non dare. Sed propter consuetudinem in aliquibus terris aliqui milites accipiunt decimas, et hoc ab Ecclesia toleratur. Ergo multo magis propter consuetudinem aliqui deobligantur ut decimas non solvant, neque solvere teneantur.	For there is more reason to receive tithes than there is not to give them. But because of a custom, in some lands some soldiers receive tithes and this is tolerated by the Church. Therefore, all the more are some people excused from paying tithes because of a custom, nor are they obligated to pay them.
Sed contra, ius divinum non aboletur per dissuetudinem. Sed decimae debentur de iure divino. Ergo per dissuetudinem non aboletur ius reddendi decimas. Tenentur ergo homines reddere decimas, contraria consuetudine non obstante.	But to the contrary: divine law is not abolished because a custom is lacking, but tithes are owed because of a divine law, therefore the law requiring payment of tithes is not abolished through lack of a custom. Men are then bound to pay tithes, a contrary custom notwithstanding.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod ea quae sunt de iure positivo, per dissuetudinem abolentur; ea vero quae sunt a iure naturali vel de iure divino, nulla dissuetudine aboleri possunt. Nulla enim dissuetudine fieri potest ut sit licitum furari vel moechari. Est ergo considerandum ad propositam quaestionem, utrum dare decimas sit de iure divino, vel de iure positivo humano.	I answer: it must be said that those things which pertain to positive law are abolished through lack of a custom. But no lack of a custom can abolish those things which are from natural or divine law, for no lack of a custom can make it permissible to steal or commit adultery. Therefore, in connection with the proposed question we must consider whether giving tithes pertains to divine law or to positive human law.
Ius autem divinum in novo et in veteri testamento continetur. Et quidem non apparet in novo testamento aliquod praeceptum datum de decimis solvendis, in doctrina, dico, evangelica vel apostolica. Quod enim dicitur Matth., XXIII, 23, de solutione decimarum: haec oportuit facere, et illa non omittere, et quod dicit Pharisaeus, Luc., XVIII, 12: decimas de omnium quae possideo, magis videtur ad statum veteris testamenti pertinere, quam observantiae novi testamenti formam imponere.	Now divine law is contained in the New and Old Testaments. In the New Testament, no precept seems to be given concerning payment of tithes, either in evangelic or apostolic teaching. For what Matthew 23:23 says concerning the payment of tithes, "It was necessary to do these and not to omit those," and what the Pharisee says in Luke 18:12, "I give tithes of all that I possess," seem to pertain to the condition of the Old Testament rather than to impose a form of observance of the New Testament.
In veteri autem testamento triplex genus praeceptorum erat. Quaedam enim erant praecepta moralia, quaedam iudicialia, quaedam caeremonialia. Praecepta moralia sunt indita naturali rationi, ad quae homines omni tempore obligantur, ut honora patre et matrem, non moechaberis, non furtum facies, et similia. Praecepta autem iudicialia sunt per quae iudicia exercebantur; puta, si quis furaretur unam ovem, redderet quatuor. Et huiusmodi praecepta non sunt indita rationi naturali. Non enim ratio naturalis habet quod ille qui furatur ovem, magis reddat quatuor quam tres vel unam. Sed tamen per huiusmodi praecepta determinatur morale praeceptum. Habet enim ratio naturalis quod ille qui furatur, debeat puniri; sed quod tali poena puniatur, hoc determinatur per praeceptum iudiciale. Praecepta autem caeremonialia veteris legis sunt quae pertinent ad observantiam divini cultus, et sunt ordinata ad figurandum aliquod futurum, sicut immolatio agni paschalis figurabat occisionem Christi.	In the Old Testament, however, there was a threefold genus of precepts. Some were moral precepts, some judicial, some ceremonial. Moral precepts were engrafted in the natural reason to which men are obligated at all times — "Honor your father and mother," "Do not commit adultery," "Do not steal," and the like. Judicial precepts are those through which trials were conducted, e.g., if someone steals one sheep he should return four, and such precepts are not engrafted in natural reason for natural reason does not hold that one who steals a sheep should return four rather than three or five, but rather a moral precept is determined through such precepts. Natural reason holds that one who steals ought to be punished, but that he be punished by such and such a punishment is determined through a judicial precept. Moreover, the ceremonial precepts of the Old Law are those which pertain to the observance of divine worship and were ordained to symbolize something future, just as the sacrifice of the paschal lamb symbolized the killing of Christ.
Est ergo considerandum, utrum praeceptum de decimis persolvendis sit morale, vel iudiciale, vel caeremoniale. Si enim morale est, ad hoc omnes tenentur, et omni tempore, nulla obstante contraria consuetudine. Sed hoc non videtur, quia ratio naturalis non dictat magis quod homo ministris Dei det decimam quam undecimam vel nonam partem fructuum. Si autem sit praeceptum iudiciale, non tenentur ad decimas dandas, sicut non tenentur omnes ad iudicandum secundum iudicia in lege veteri conscripta; quia illa iudicialia praecepta sunt specialiter illi populo data consideratis conditionibus eius; non enim eadem omnibus expediunt. Si autem sit praeceptum caeremoniale, non solum non obligaret, sed etiam observatum induceret in peccatum: peccaret enim, si quis agnum paschalem immolaret, quia post adventum veritatis cessaverunt figurae. Dicendum est ergo, sicut antiqui magistri dixerunt, quod quaedam praecepta legis sunt pure moralia, ut non occides, non furtum facies; quaedam autem pure sunt caeremonialia, ut immolatio paschalis agni, et circumcisio; quaedam autem sunt media, secundum aliquid moralia et secundum aliquid caeremonialia: sicut praeceptum de observatione sabbati est morale quantum ad hoc quod aliquod tempus quieti deputetur ad vacandum divinis, hoc enim ratio naturalis habet; sed quod dies septima sit deputata, hoc est ex determinatione Dei propter aliquam figuram, unde hoc est caeremoniale.	Therefore, we must consider whether the precept concerning the payment of tithes is moral, judicial, or ceremonial. For if it is moral, all are bound to it in all times, a contrary custom notwithstanding. But this does not seem to be the case because natural reason does not dictate that a man should give a tenth part to the ministers of God rather than an eleventh or a ninth part of the fruit of his labor. If it is a judicial precept, men are not bound to give tithes, just as all are not bound to judge according to the judgments written in the Old Law because those judicial precepts were specially given to those people with their conditions taken into account, for they do not settle things the same way for all. However, if it is a ceremonial precept it not only would not obligate but its observance would even lead to sin, for if someone sacrificed a paschal lamb he would sin because the symbols ceased after the coming of the Truth. Therefore, we must say, as past teachers have done, that some precepts of the law are purely moral, such as "Do not kill," "Do not steal." Some are purely ceremonial such as the sacrifice of a paschal lamb and circumcision. And some are intermediate, moral in a way and ceremonial in a way, as the precept concerning the observation of the sabbath is moral as it concerns the allotment of a time of rest for freedom for divine matters, because natural reason maintains this; but the allotment of the seventh day is due to God's determination for the sake of some symbol; hence this is a ceremonial precept.
Sic ergo praeceptum de decimis persolvendis est quidem secundum aliquid morale, ut scilicet qui pro toto populo divino obsequio vacant, stipendiis populi sustententur, sicut et qui in aliis officiis reipublicae serviunt, a populo sustentantur. Et secundum hunc modum proponitur hoc praeceptum in novo testamento. Dicit enim dominus Matth., X, 10: dignus (...) est operarius cibo suo; et apostolus dicit, I ad Corinth., IX, 14: dominus ordinavit ut qui Evangelium enuntiant, de Evangelio vivant; et qui altari deserviunt, de altari vivant. Sed quantum ad determinatum numerum decimae non est de iure naturali, neque est praeceptum morale, sed est caeremoniale, in quantum refertur ad figurandum aliquid circa Christum: vel etiam est iudiciale secundum convenientiam ad illum populum, in quo, quia erat multitudo ministrorum, tali taxatione opus erat ad ministrorum Dei sustentationem.	So then the precept concerning the payment of tithes is indeed in some way a moral one in providing that they who are free for divine obedience for the whole people's sake may be supported by the people's stipends as also they who serve in other offices of the state are supported by the whole people. And this precept is proposed in the New Testament in this manner, for the Lord says in Matthew 10:10, "The worker is worthy of his food," and the Apostle says in 1 Cor. 9:14, "The Lord ordained that they who preach the Gospel live from the Gospel, and they who serve the altar live from the altar." But a determined amount of tithes does not pertain to natural law nor is the precept a moral one, but it is ceremonial inasmuch as it is related to symbolizing something about Christ, or it is even judicial according to its suitability for that people among whom, because there was a multitude of ministers, there was need for such taxation for the support of God's ministers.
Sic ergo hoc commune, quod est providere ministris Dei in necessariis vitae, est de iure naturali existens. Ad quemlibet autem principem qui potest leges condere, pertinet ius naturale commune per ius positivum determinare: nihil enim est aliud ius positivum quam determinatio iuris naturalis: sicut ius naturale habet quod malefactor puniatur; sed quod tali poena puniatur, hoc determinatur per ius positivum. Quia ergo Ecclesia habet potestatem condendi legem in his quae pertinent ad cultum Dei, potuit per Ecclesiae statutum taxari quantitas eorum quae sunt danda ministris Dei a populo. Et ut esset quaedam consonantia novi et veteris testamenti, statuit Ecclesia ut taxatio veteris testamenti servaretur etiam in novo. Unde omnes tenentur ad decimas, velint nolint. Posset autem Ecclesia statuere, si causa subesset, vel in maiori vel in minori numero; puta quod daretur octava, vel duodecima, sicut et quod detur decima.	Therefore, this common law, to provide for the ministers of God in the necessities of life, is from divine law like a moral precept, and from natural law. However, it is up to any prince who can establish laws to determine the natural common law through a positive law, for positive law is nothing but the determination of natural law. (For example, natural law holds that a malefactor should be punished, but that he be punished by a particular punishment is determined through a positive law). Therefore, because the Church has the power of establishing law in matters which pertain to the worship of God, the amount of what the people are to give the ministers of God could be determined by Church statute. And in order that there might be some agreement of the Old and New Testaments, the Church decreed that the taxation of the Old Testament be kept also in the New. Hence all are obliged to tithes willy nilly. The Church could, however, decree, if there were cause, either a greater or a lesser amount, e.g., that an eighth be given, or a twelfth, as well as that a tenth be given. [So no contrary custom frees a man from the obligation of paying tithes because this obligation is founded on divine and natural law. This is explained more fully in ST 2-2, q. 87, a.1, Blackfriars ed., 39: 140-143. A tenth is something ceremonial in that it signifies a future perfection, for ten is a perfect number; it is judicial also in the sense that it took into consideration the conditions of the twelve tribes of Israel, eleven of which gave a tenth part of what they had to the Levite tribe so that the members of that tribe, who devoted themselves to divine ministries (Num. 18:21), might live more honorably.]
Patet ergo quod nulla consuetudo contraria solvit hominem ab obligatione reddendi decimas, quia haec obligatio fundatur supra ius divinum, et supra ius naturale: unde semper tenentur homines reddere decimas, si Ecclesia exigat, etiam contraria consuetudine non obstante. Et in terris in quibus est consuetudo quod decimae solvantur, ipsa consuetudo quasi expostulat decimas; unde peccat qui non redderet. Sed in terris in quibus non est consuetudo communis quod decimae dentur, et Ecclesia non petit, videtur Ecclesia remittere dum dissimulat. Et ideo homines in terris illis non peccant decimas non dando: durum enim esset dicere, quod omnes homines Italiae et Orientalium partium damnarentur, qui decimas non solvunt.	Hence men are always bound to pay tithes if the Church demands, a contrary custom notwithstanding. And in the lands in which there is a custom that tithes be paid, the custom itself, as it were, demands the tithes, hence he who would not pay would sin. But in lands in which it is not the common custom that tithes be given and the Church does not require them, the Church seems to renounce them so long as it ignores them. And therefore, men in those lands do not sin in not giving tithes for it would be difficult to say that all the men of Italy and the Eastern parts who do not pay tithes would be damned.
Et huiusmodi argumentum possumus ab apostolo accipere, cui cum deberentur necessaria victus ab his quibus praedicabat, tamen non accipiebat; nec tamen peccabant qui ei non dabant: alioquin male cum eis egisset non accipiendo, praesertim cum ipse dicat Act., XX, 27: non enim subterfugi quominus annuntiarem vobis omne consilium Dei; et ideo apostolus non exigebat quod sibi debebatur, ne daretur aliquod offendiculum Evangelio, ut ipse ibi dicit. Unde non bene facerent rectores Ecclesiarum, si in terris illis decimas exigerent in quibus non est consuetudo dari, si probabiliter crederent quod ex hoc scandalum nasceretur.	And we can get such an argument from the Apostle who, when the necessities of life were due him by those to whom he preached, however did not take them nor did they sin who did not give to him, otherwise he had done wrongly by them in not taking them, especially since he himself says in Acts 20:27, "I have not evaded declaring to you every counsel of God." Therefore, the Apostle did not demand what was due him lest some hindrance be given to the Gospel, as he himself says there. Hence the rectors of the churches would not do well if they demanded tithes in those lands in which it is not the custom for them to be given, if they believed with probability that they would give rise to a scandal from doing so.
Ad illud ergo quod in contrarium obiicitur, dicendum, quod milites qui accipiunt decimas in aliquibus terris, non habent ius accipiendi decimas: hoc enim ius est spirituale debitum ministris Dei, unde non cadit in laicam personam. Sed res illae temporales quae a iure exiguntur, ex concessione Ecclesiae datae sunt aliquibus militibus propter aliqua servitia quae fecerunt Ecclesiae; sicut et Ecclesia potest remittere ipsos fructus qui debentur pro decima; non tamen remittit ius exigendi decimas, nec tollit debitum reddendi.	Therefore, to that which is objected on the contrary side it must be said that soldiers who receive tithes in some lands do not have the right to do so for this right is a spiritual one owed the ministers of God; hence it does not fall on a lay person. But those temporal things which are demanded by the law are given some soldiers from a concession of the Church because of a service they performed for the Church; in the same way the Church can renounce those fruits of labor which are due as tithes but it does not renounce the right of demanding tithes nor remove the debt of paying them.

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Deinde quaesitum est de his quae pertinent ad virtutes circa res humanas. Et circa hoc quaesita sunt duo.	Question 5: Then it was asked concerning these things which pertain to the virtues in relation to human affairs. And two questions were asked:
Primo utrum filius teneatur obedire parentibus carnalibus in indifferentibus.	1. whether a child is bound to obey his parents of the flesh in indifferent matters?
Secundo utrum venditor teneatur dicere emptori vitium rei venditae.	1. whether a seller is bound to tell a buyer a defect in an item sold?
Utrum filius teneatur obedire parentibus carnalibus in indifferentibus	Article 1: Whether a child is bound to obey his parents of the flesh in everything?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod filius teneatur obedire parentibus carnalibus quantum ad omnia.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that a child is bound to obey his parents of the flesh in everything.
Dicitur enim Deuteronom. XXI, 18, 21: si genuerit homo filium contumacem et protervum, qui non audiat patris aut matris imperium (...) lapidibus eum obruet populus civitatis. Sed poena talis non infligeretur, nisi graviter peccaret non obediendo. Ergo filii tenentur obedire parentibus carnalibus per omnia.	1. For it is said in Deuteronomy 21:18-21, if a man begat an obstinate and shameless son who does not hear his mother's or father's command, the people of the city should strike him down with stones. Such a punishment would not be inflicted unless he sinned gravely by not obeying, so children are bound to obey their parents of the flesh in all things.
Praeterea, apostolus dicit ad Coloss., cap. III, 20: filii, obedite parentibus per omnia.	2. Moreover, the Apostle says in Colossians 3:21, "Children, obey your parents in all matters."
Praeterea, praecepta moralia affirmativa quamvis non ad semper obligent, tamen nunquam contrarium facere licet. Sed praeceptum morale affirmativum est de honoratione parentum. Ergo non licet irreverentem esse parenti; quod esset, si eius mandato non obediretur. Tenetur ergo filius in omnibus parentibus obedire.	3. Further, although affirmative moral precepts do not obligate for all times, it is yet never permissible to act contrary to them. But there is an affirmative moral precept concerning honoring one's parents. Therefore it is not permissible to be irreverent to a parent, which would be the case if his command were not obeyed. Hence a child is bound to obey his parents in all things.
Sed contra, non minus obediendum est patribus spiritualibus quam carnalibus, sed magis, ut habetur per apostolum ad Hebr., cap. XII, 9. Sed patribus spiritualibus non tenentur subditi obedire in indifferentibus: religiosi enim qui obedientiam profitentur, non tenentur obedire suis praelatis nisi in his quae sunt secundum regulam, ut Bernardus dicit in Lib. de dispensatione et praecepto. Ergo nec parentibus carnalibus filii tenentur in indifferentibus obedire.	But to the contrary: spiritual parents must not be obeyed less but more than parents of the flesh, as the Apostle maintains in Hebrews 12:9. But subordinates are not bound to obey spiritual parents in indifferent matters, for religious who profess obedience are only bound to obey their prelates in those matters which are according to the Rule, as Bernard says in De dispensatione et praecepto. Therefore, neither are children bound to obey their parents of the flesh in indifferent matters.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod cum obedientia praelato debeatur, ad illa extenditur debitum obedientiae ad quae extenditur ius praelationis. Habet autem pater carnalis ius praelationis in filium primo quidem quantum ad domesticam conversationem. Sic enim est paterfamilias in domo sicut rex in regno: unde sicuti subditi regis tenentur obedire regi in his quae pertinent ad gubernationem regni; ita etiam filii et alii domestici tenentur obedire patrifamilias in his quae pertinent ad dispensationem domus. Secundo quanto ad morum disciplinam: unde apostolus dicit ad Hebr., XII, 9: patres quidem carnis nostrae habuimus eruditores, et obtemperabamus eis. Debet enim pater filio non solum educationem, sed etiam disciplinam, ut philosophus dicit. In his ergo filius tenetur obedire patri carnali, et non in aliis.	I answer: it must be said that, since obedience is due a superior, the duty of obedience is extended as far as his authority. Now a father of the flesh first has authority over a child with regard to domestic life, for the head of the family is related to the home as a king to a realm; hence just as the king's subjects are bound to obey him in those matters which pertain to the government of the realm, so are children and other domestic members bound to obey the head of the family in those matters which pertain to the management of the home. The father has authority secondly with regard to moral instruction. Hence the Apostle says in Hebrews 12:9, "Indeed we had fathers of the flesh who taught us and we revered them." For the father owes the child not only upbringing but also instruction, as the Philosopher says. In these areas then the child is bound to obey his father of flesh, and not in others.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod loquitur ibi Moyses de imperio paterno quod pertinet ad disciplinam morum: unde ibidem dicitur: monita nostra audire contemnit, comessationibus vacat et luxuriae atque conviviis.	Therefore to the first it must be said that Moses speaks there of the paternal command which pertains to moral instruction, so in the same place it is said, "He despises to hear our counsels, he has leisure to devote himself to dissipation and reveling and riotous living." (Deut. 21:20)
Ad secundum dicendum, quod apostolus dicit obediendum esse parentibus per omnia ad quae se ius praelationis extendit.	To the second it must be said that the Apostle says parents must be obeyed in all matters to which their authority extends.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod non exhibet irreverentiam praecipienti, si non obedit ei in his in quibus obedire non tenetur.	To the third it must be said he does not exhibit irreverence to one who gives rules if he does not obey him in those matters in which he is not bound to obey.

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Articulus 2 Utrum venditor teneatur dicere emptori vitium rei venditae	Article 2 Whether a seller is bound to tell a buyer about a defect in an item sold?
Circa secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod venditor non teneatur dicere vitium rei venditae emptori.	On the second we proceed as follows: it seems that a seller is not bound to tell a buyer about a defect in an item sold.
Quia secundum leges civiles venditor et emptor se invicem decipere possunt. Nulla autem posset fieri deceptio, si venditor rei venditae vitium emptori dicere teneretur. Ergo non tenetur.	1. Because according to civil laws, buyer and seller can deceive each other. But there could be no deception if a seller were bound to tell a buyer about a defect in an item sold. Therefore, he is not bound to do so.
Sed dicebat, quod leges non loquuntur secundum forum conscientiae; sed quod nunc loquimur, est secundum forum contentiosum.- Sed contra, secundum philosophum in II Ethic., c. I, intentio legislatoris est cives facere bonos. Quod ergo licet secundum leges, non est contrarium virtuti, et ita etiam non est contrarium conscientiae.	2. But it was objected that the laws do not speak with regard to the court of conscience, and that we speak now according to a contentious court. To the contrary: according to the Philosopher in Ethica 2, the lawmaker's intention is to make good citizens." Therefore, what is permissible according to the laws is not contrary to virtue and so also is not contrary to conscience.
Sed contra.	But to the contrary:
Est, quia secundum leges civiles si aliquis vendat animal morbidum, tenetur de vitio. Ergo tenetur dicere vitium emptori.	1. he is so obligated because according to civil laws, if someone sells a sickly animal he is obligated with respect to the defect. Hence he is bound to tell a buyer about the defect.
Praeterea, Tullius dicit in libro de officiis, quod ad officium boni viri pertinet ut dicat emptori illud pro quo res minus venderetur. Huiusmodi autem est vitium rei venditae. Ergo venditor tenetur dicere emptori vitium rei venditae.	1. Moreover, Tully says in De officiis that it is part of a good man's duty to tell a buyer the reason for which a thing might be sold at a lower price. Now a defect in an item sold is such a reason, so a seller is bound to tell a buyer about a defect in an item sold.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod aliquid pertinet ad bonum virum ad quod tamen homines non tenentur; sicut ad bonum virum pertinet quod liberaliter amico suo bona largiatur, quamvis ad hoc non teneatur. Sed aliquid pertinet ad bonum virum ad quod tenetur; scilicet quod reddat alicui quod iustum est: nam actus iustitiae est ut reddatur alicui quod ei debetur. Et ideo unusquisque venditor ad hoc tenetur ut iustam venditionem faciat, non autem ut faciat venditionem liberalem, dimittens aliquid de pretio iusto. Iustitia autem aequalitas quaedam est, ut dicitur in V Ethic., cap. II. Est ergo iusta venditio, quando pretium acceptum ab habente aequatur rei venditae; iniusta autem, si non aequetur, sed plus accipiat. Si ergo vitium rei venditae faciat rem minus valere quam pretium impositum a venditore, iniusta erit venditio, unde peccat occultans vitium; si autem non faciat rem minus valere quam pretium impositum, quia forte venditor minus pretium imponit propter vitium, tunc non peccat tacens vitium, quia venditio non est iniusta, et forte esset sibi damnosum, si vitium diceret: quia emptor vellet habere rem etiam pro minori pretio quam valeret. Liberaliter tamen faceret, si damnum proprium contemneret ut satisfaceret voluntati alterius, licet ad hoc non teneatur.	I answer: it must be said that something pertains to the good of men to which men are not however bound, as it pertains to the good of men that one give his goods liberally to a friend although he is not bound to this. And something pertains to the good of men to which one is bound, namely that one pay someone what is just, for it is an act of justice that what is owed someone be paid him. And therefore, every seller is bound to make a just sale but not to make a liberal sale by giving up some of the just price. Now justice is a kind of equality, as is said in Ethica 5. There is therefore a just sale when the price received by the seller is equivalent to the thing sold, but there is an unjust sale if it is not equivalent but he receives more. So if a defect in the thing sold makes the thing worth less than the price imposed by the seller, the sale will be unjust; hence he sins in hiding the defect. However, if it does not make the thing worth less than the price imposed, perhaps because the seller imposes a lower price because of the defect, then he does not sin in being silent about the defect because the sale is not unjust. And perhaps it would be detrimental to him if he did tell because the buyer would want to have the thing for an even lower price than it was worth. But he would act liberally if he held loss to himself in contempt in order that he might satisfy another person's will, although he is not bound to do this.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod per illud dictum legis non habetur quod licitum sit simplici venditori decipere emptorem, et e converso; sed dicitur aliquid esse licitum secundum legem quod per legem non punitur, sicut secundum legem veterem licebat libellus repudii.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that that statement of the law does not mean that it is permissible for a simple seller to deceive a buyer and conversely. But something is said to be permissible according to the law when it is not punished through the law, as a petition for divorce was permitted according to the Old Law.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod praecepta legis sunt ductiva ad perfectam virtutem: tamen actus perfectae virtutis non cadunt sub praecepto legis humanae; sed prohibet quaedam graviora, ut gradatim homines retracti a malis per seipsos ad virtutem exerceantur. Permittit autem quaedam minora peccata, eis poenam non infligens, quia sine his non facile invenitur hominum multitudo; et de talibus est deceptio quae est inter vendentes et ementes: quia plurimi sunt qui volunt vili emere et care vendere, ut Augustinus dicit in Lib. de Trin.	To the second it must be said that the law's precepts are capable of leading to perfect virtue. Now acts of perfect virtue do not fall under a precept of human law but human law prohibits some more serious sins in order that gradually men, having been drawn back from evils, may be conducted to virtue through their own persons. However, it permits some lesser sins and does not inflict punishment on them because the multitude of men is certainly not found without them, and among such is the deception between buyers and sellers for there are a great many who want to buy cheap and sell dear, as Augustine says in De trinitate.
Ad illud vero quod primo in contrarium obiicitur, dicendum, quod illud intelligendum est quando morbus pecoris facit pecus minus valere quam vendatur.	Indeed to that which first is objected on the contrary side, it must be said that we must understand that to be the case when the disease of the beast makes it worth less than the price for which it is sold.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod ea ratione Tullius dicit quod vir bonus non tacet vitium rei venditae, quia ad virum bonum non pertinet decipere aliquem: deceptio autem non est, si id quod tacetur de re vendita, non facit rem minus valere quam pretium quod pro ea accipitur.	To the second it must be said that Tully says that a good man is not silent concerning a defect of an item sold because deceiving someone does not pertain to the good of men. But it is not deception if what he is silent about with regard to the thing sold does not make the thing worth less than the price he receives for it.

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Quaestio 6 Deinde quaesitum est de peccatis. Et circa hoc quaesita sunt duo.	Question 6 Then two questions were asked about sins:
Primo utrum peccatum sit appetere praelationem.	1. whether it is a sin to seek a ruling office?
Secundo utrum peccatum sit praedicatori habere oculum ad rem temporalem.	2. whether it is a sin for a preacher to have his eye on temporal matters?
Utrum peccatum sit appetere praelationem	Article 1: Whether it is a sin to seek a ruling office?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod peccatum sit appetere praelationem.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that it is a sin to seek a ruling office.
Non enim videtur quod possit appeti sine peccato id quod non fuit in statu naturae integrae, sed solum in statu naturae corruptae. Sed praelatio non fuit in statu naturae integrae, sed incepit esse post peccatum, quando dictum est mulieri, Gen., III, 16: sub viri potestate eris. Ergo peccatum est praelationem appetere.	1. For it does not seem that we can seek without sin that which existed only in the state of corrupted nature and not in the state of innocence. Now ruling positions did not exist in the latter state but began to exist after the first sin when it was said to woman in Genesis 3:16, "You will be under the man's power." Therefore, it is a sin to seek a higher office.
Praeterea, appetitus videtur esse de his quae pertinent ad statum futurae gloriae. Sed in futuro cessabit omnis praelatio, ut dicit quaedam Glossa, I Cor., cap. XV. Ergo peccatum est appetere praelationem.	2. Moreover, desire seems to concern those things which pertain to the state of future glory. Now in the future all ruling positions will cease, as the Glossa on 1 Cor. 15:24 says. Therefore, it is a sin to seek a ruling office.
Sed contra, est quod dicitur I ad Timoth., cap. V, 17: qui bene praesunt presbyteri, duplici honore digni habeantur. Sed non est peccatum appetere illud cui debetur honor, qui non debetur nisi virtuti. Ergo non est peccatum appetere praelationem.	But to the contrary: 1 Timothy 5:17 says, "Let elders who rule well be held worthy of a double honor." But it is not a sin to seek that for which honor is due when it is due only for virtue. Hence it is not a sin to seek a ruling office.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod hanc quaestionem solvit Augustinus, XIX de Civit. Dei, ubi dicit, quod locus superior sine quo populus regi non potest, etsi administretur ut decet, tamen indecenter appetitur: cuius ratio est, quia qui appetit praelationem, aut est superbus, aut iniustus. Iniustitia enim est quod aliquis velit sibi plus de honore accipere, aut de potestate, aut de aliis bonis, nisi sit maioribus dignus, ut dicitur in V Ethic., cap. III. Quod autem aliquis aestimet se esse magis dignum praelatione omnibus illis super quos praelationem accipit, superbiae et praesumptionis est. Unde patet quod quicumque praelationem appetit, aut est iniustus aut superbus. Et ideo nullus suo appetitu debet ad praelationem pervenire, sed solum Dei iudicio, secundum illud apostoli ad Hebr., V, 4: nemo sibi assumit honorem sed qui vocatur a Deo tamquam Aaron. Potest tamen aliquis licite appetere se esse dignum praelatione, vel opera boni praelati, pro quibus debetur honor.	I answer: it must be said that Augustine solves this question in De civitate Dei 19 where he says that a ruling office, without which the people cannot be governed, is not fittingly sought even if it be administered as is fitting, because he who seeks a ruling office is either proud or unjust. Now it is a matter of injustice for someone to want to take more honor for himself, either power or other goods, unless he is worthy of greater things, as is said in Ethica 5, 3, but it is a matter of pride and presumption for someone to esteem himself to be more worthy for a ruling office than all those over whom he takes offices. Hence clearly whoever seeks a ruling office is either unjust or proud. And therefore, no one ought to succeed to a ruling office by his desire, but only by God's judgment, according to what the Apostle says in Hebrews 5:4, "No one takes honor for himself except the one who is called by God as Aaron was." But anyone is permitted to desire himself to be worthy of a ruling office, or to desire the works of a good prelate for which honor is due.
Unde patet responsio ad ultimum.	Therefore, the response to the last argument is clear.
Primae vero duae rationes non recte concludunt; quia etiam ea quae non fuerunt in statu innocentiae nec erunt in statu gloriae, possunt licite appeti, sicut subiici, poenitere, et alia huiusmodi; quamvis praelatio quantum ad aliquid fuisset in statu innocentiae, et futura sit in statu gloriae: scilicet quantum ad superioritatem gradus, et quantum ad gubernationem vel regimen, non autem quantum ad coactam servitutem.	Indeed the first two arguments do not conclude rightly because even those things which did not exist in the state of innocence nor will exist in the state of glory can be permissibly sought, such as being subject to another, repentance, and the like (although ruling offices in some sense existed in the state of innocence and will exist in the state of glory as far as superiority of degree, and government or rule are concerned, but not as far as compulsory servitude is concerned).

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Articulus 2 Utrum peccatum sit praedicatori habere oculum ad rem temporalem	Article 2 Whether it is a sin for a preacher to have his eye on temporal matters?
Ad secundum sic procedebatur: videtur quod peccatum sit praedicatori habere oculum ad temporalia.	On the second we proceeded as follows: it seems that it is a sin for a preacher to have his eye on temporal matters.
Dicitur enim Luc., XII, 31: quaerite primo regnum Dei: Glossa, id est bona aeterna; et haec omnia adiicientur vobis: Glossa, etiam non quaerentibus. Ergo non licet praedicatori habere oculum ad terrena.	For it is said in Luke 12:31, "Seek first the kingdom of God," on which the Glossa says, "i.e., eternal goods," "and all these will be added to you," to which the Glossa adds, "even to those not seeking them." 52 Therefore, it is not permissible for a preacher to have his eye on temporal matters.
Sed contra, est quod dicitur I ad Corinth., cap. IX, 10: debet qui arat, in spe arare; Glossa: stipendiorum temporalium. Ergo licet praedicatori, de quo ibi loquitur, habere oculum ad terrena.	But to the contrary: 1 Cor. 9:10 says, "He who plows ought to plow in hope," to which the Glossa adds, "of temporal stipends." So it is permissible for a preacher, concerning whom it speaks there, to have his eye on temporal matters.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod habere oculum ad terrena contingit dupliciter. Uno modo sicut ad mercedem vel praemium; et sic praedicatori non licet habere oculum ad terrena, quia sic faceret Evangelium venale. Alio modo sicut ad stipendia pro necessitate sustentationis vitae; et sic licet habere praedicatori oculum ad terrena; unde I ad Tim. cap. V, super illud, qui bene praesunt presbyteri, etc. dicit Glossa Augustini: necessitatis est accipere unde vivitur, caritatis est praebere; non tamen venale est Evangelium pro his. Si enim sic vendunt, magnam rem vili vendunt. Accipiant ergo sustentationem necessitatis a populo, mercedem dispensationis a domino.	I answer: it must be said that having an eye on earthly things happens in two ways. In one way it happens with regard to payment or reward, and in this way it is not permissible for a preacher to have his eye on earthly things because he would then make the Gospel venal. In the other way it happens with regard to the stipends necessary to support life, and in this way it is permissible for a preacher to have his eye on earthly things. Hence on 1 Timothy 5:17, "Let the elders that rule, etc.," Augustine's gloss says, "It is a matter of necessity to take the means of living, it is a matter of charity to supply them. However, the Gospel is not venal because of those who do, for if they so sell, they sell a great thing cheaply. Therefore, let them take the necessities of life from the people, and the reward of dispensation from the Lord."
Et per hoc patet responsio ad obiecta.	And through this the response to the objections is clear.

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Quaestio 7 Deinde quaesitum fuit de poenis peccatorum. —Et primo de ipsis poenis. —Secundo de remissione poenarum. Circa primum quaesita sunt duo.	Question 7 Two questions were asked concerning punishments themselves:
Primo utrum anima separata possit pati ab igne corporeo.	1. whether a separated soul can be acted upon by corporeal fire?
Secundo utrum duorum qui eadem poena sunt digni, unus diutius moretur in Purgatorio quam alius.	2. whether one of two individuals worthy of the same punishment lingers longer in Purgatory than the other?
Utrum anima separata possit pati ab igne corporeo	Article 1: Whether a separated soul can be acted upon by corporeal fire?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod anima a corpore separata non possit pati ab igne corporeo.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that a soul separated from the body cannot be acted upon by corporeal fire.
Quia, secundum philosophum, quod non tangit, non agit. Sed ignis corporeus non tangit animam separatam a corpore, cum non habeat terminos corporales; quae autem se tangunt, habent ultima simul. Ergo anima separata non patitur ab igne corporeo.	1. For according to the Philosopher, things that do not touch each other do not act upon each other. Now corporeal fire does not touch a soul separated from the body since it does not have corporeal boundaries; however, things that touch each other have their boundaries together. Hence a separated soul is not acted upon by corporeal fire.
Praeterea, illa quae patiuntur ad invicem, invicem converti possunt. Sed anima non potest converti in ignem corporeum, nec e converso. Ergo anima non potest pati ab igne corporeo.	2. Moreover, those things that are acted upon by each other can be converted into each other. But the soul cannot be converted into corporeal fire nor conversely, so the soul cannot be acted upon by corporeal fire.
Praeterea, Bernardus dicit, quod nihil ardet in Inferno nisi propria voluntas. Sed propria voluntas, cum sit quoddam spirituale, non potest esse materia ignis corporalis. Ergo anima a corpore separata non potest ab igne corporeo pati.	3. Moreover, Bernard says that nothing burns in hell except the proper will. But the proper will, since it is something spiritual, cannot be the matter of corporeal fire. Therefore, a soul separated from the body cannot be acted upon by corporeal fire.
Sed contra, est quod dicitur Is., LXVI: ignis eorum non extinguetur.	But to the contrary: it says in Isaiah 66:24, "Neither shall their fire be quenched."
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod pati multipliciter dicitur. Uno modo pati communiter dictum idem est quod recipere, secundum quod sentire et intelligere est quoddam pati. Et hoc modo anima coniuncta corpori patitur a rebus corporeis sentiendo et intelligendo; sed an separata a corpore possit hoc modo a rebus corporeis pati, alterius quaestionis est, propter quosdam qui dicunt, quod anima separata a corpore, et etiam Angelus, potest accipere cognitionem a rebus sensibilibus. Sed si etiam haec opinio esset vera, tamen pati sentiendo et intelligendo est perfici, non puniri; nisi forte per accidens, in quantum id quod sentitur vel intelligitur, repugnat voluntati; sed ipsum sentire vel intelligere secundum se consideratum poenale non est. Alio modo dicitur pati proprie loquendo secundum contrarietatem agentis ad patiens; prout scilicet pati dicimur, cum aliquid nobis advenit quod est contrarium naturae vel voluntati nostrae; et secundum hoc infirmitas et tristitia passiones dicuntur. Et haec quidem passio dupliciter esse potest. Uno modo per receptionem formae contrariae, sicut aqua patitur ab igne in quantum calefit, et per consequens diminuitur qualitas naturalis eius: hoc modo separata anima non potest pati ab igne corporeo, quia nec calefieri potest nec desiccari, nec secundum formam aut qualitatem quamcumque ignis corporei immutari. Alio modo dicitur pati omne illud quod quocumque modo impeditur a suo proprio impetu vel inclinatione: sicut si dicimus lapidem descendentem pati, cum impeditur ne deorsum perveniat; et sicut dicimus hominem pati, cum detinetur vel ligatur ne vadat quo vult: et ita per modum ligationis cuiusdam anima patitur ab igne corporeo, ut Augustinus dicit, in XXI de civitate Dei. Non enim hoc est contra naturam spiritus corpori alligari, cum videamus animam naturaliter alligari corpori ad vivificandum ipsum. Daemones etiam per necromantiam potestate superiorum Daemonum alligantur aliquibus imaginibus, vel aliquibus aliis rebus; unde multo magis possunt spiritus alligari divina virtute igni corporeo, non ut dent vitam, sed ut accipiant poenam, sicut Augustinus dicit. Sed quia quod est minoris virtutis, non potest sua virtute ligare id quod est maioris virtutis; inde est quod nullum corpus potest ligare spiritum, qui est maioris virtutis, nisi aliqua superiori virtute; et propter hoc dicitur, quod ignis corporeus agit in animam separatam non virtute propria, sed in quantum est instrumentum divinae iustitiae vindicantis.	I answer: it must be said that to be acted upon is spoken of in many ways. In the general sense, to be acted upon is the same as to receive, inasmuch as feeling and understanding are cases of being acted upon. And in this way a soul conjoined to a body is acted upon by corporeal things in sensing and understanding them, but whether it can be acted upon by corporeal things in this way when separated from the body is another question, because some say that the soul separated from the body, and even an angel, can receive cognition from sensible things. But even if this opinion were true, to be acted upon by sensing and understanding is to be perfected and not to be punished, unless perhaps accidentally inasmuch as what is sensed or understood is repugnant to the will. But sensing and understanding considered in themselves are not punitive. In the proper sense, being acted upon is an opposition of agent to patient, as we are said to be acted upon when something happens to us which is contrary to our nature or will. Weakness and sadness are said to be cases of being acted upon in this sense. And indeed to be acted upon in this sense can occur in two ways. It can occur through the receiving of a contrary form, as water is acted upon by fire inasmuch as fire heats it and consequently water's natural quality is lessened. In this way a separated soul cannot be acted upon by corporeal fire because it cannot be heated or dried nor be changed according to any form or quality of corporeal fire. In the other way we say that all that is in any way kept from its proper impetus or inclination is acted upon, as we say a falling stone is acted upon when it is impeded in such a way that it cannot fall down, and as we say a man is acted upon when he is detained or bound so that he cannot go where he wants. And in this way, through a kind of binding the soul is acted upon by corporeal fire as Augustine says in De civitate Dei 21. It is not against nature for a spirit to be bound to a body since we see the soul naturally bound to the body to give it life. Demons also, through necromancy, are bound by the power of higher demons to some images or other things. All the more then can spirits be bound to corporeal fire by means of divine power, not so as to give life but so as to receive punishment, as Augustine says. But because what has lesser power cannot by its power bind that which has greater power, no body can bind a spirit, which has greater power, except by means of some higher power. And because of this it is said that corporeal fire acts upon a separated soul, not by its own power but insofar as it is an instrument of divine vindicating justice.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod ignis tangit animam, non quidem tactu mathematico, qui attenditur secundum terminos quantitativos, sed magis contactu virtutis, non propriae, sed quam habet in quantum est instrumentum divinae iustitiae.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that fire touches the soul, not indeed by a mathematical contact which is understood according to quantitative boundaries, but rather by contact of a power not its own but which it has insofar as it is an instrument of divine justice.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod ratio illa procedit de passione quae est per susceptionem formae contrariae.	To the second it must be said that that argument proceeds concerning the being acted upon which comes through the reception of a contrary form.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod propria voluntas dicitur ardere in Inferno, quia meretur ardorem.	To the third it must be said that the proper will is said to burn in hell because it deserves the heat.

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Articulus 2 Utrum duorum qui eadem poena sunt digni, unus diutius moretur in Purgatorio quam alius	Article 2 Whether one of two persons who are worthy of the same punishment lingers longer in Purgatory than the other?
Ad secundum sic procedebatur: videtur quod duorum qui sunt digni aequali poena, unus non possit citius a Purgatorio liberari quam alius.	On the second we proceeded as follows: it seems that one of two persons who are deserving of equal punishment cannot be freed from Purgatory more quickly than the other.
Iudicium, enim post mortem non est hominis, sed Dei, qui secundum veritatem iudicat, ut dicitur ad Rom. II, 2. Sed contra veritatem iudicaret, si uni eorum, qui sunt digni aequali poena, infligeretur gravior poena sensus quam alteri. Dilatio autem gloriae est maior poena quam acerbitas poenae sensus; quia, sicut dicit Chrysostomus super Matth., carere visione divina est maior poena quam quaelibet poena sensibilis. Ergo unus eorum qui digni sunt aequali poena non maiorem dilationem gloriae patietur altero citius liberato.	1. For judgment after death is not of man but of God who judges according to the truth, as is said in Romans 2:2. But God would judge against the truth if a more severe punishment for the senses were inflicted on one of them who are deserving of equal punishment than on the other. Now delay of glory is a greater punishment than the painfulness of punishment for the senses because, as Chrysostom says in Super Matth., to be cut off from the divine vision is a greater punishment than any punishment for the senses. Therefore, one of those persons who are deserving of equal punishment cannot suffer a greater delay of glory than the other who is more quickly freed.
Praeterea malum, secundum Augustinum, dicitur quia nocet; nocet autem quod adimit bonum. Dilatio autem gloriae adimit maius bonum, scilicet bonum increatum. Ergo est maius malum; et sic idem quod prius.	2. Further, according to Augustine something is called evil because it harms and it harms because it removes a good. Delay of glory, however, removes a greater good, namely an uncreated good, so it is a greater evil. And so the same as in argument 1.
Sed contra.	But to the contrary:
Est quod Magister dicit in IV Sent., dist. 45, quod ille pro quo fiunt plura suffragia, citius a poenis Purgatorii liberatur. Contingit autem quod pro uno eorum qui digni sunt aequali poena, fiunt plura suffragia quam pro alio. Ergo unus citius liberabitur.	1. the Master says in 4 Sent., d. 45, that he for whom many prayers are said is freed from Purgatory's punishments more quickly. However, it happens that more prayers are said for one of them who are deserving of equal punishment than for the other. So one will be freed more quickly.
Praeterea, in fine mundi inveniuntur aliqui cremabilia quaedam habentes, quorum dilatio a gloria non erit tam diuturna, sicut eorum qui modo cremabilia deferunt ad Purgatorium, quia brevis mora erit inter mortem et resurrectionem, ut Augustinus dicit. Ergo pari ratione et nunc eorum qui aequalia cremabilia deferunt, unus potest minus differri a gloria quam alius, et sic erit citius liberatus a poenis.	2. Moreover, at the end of the world are found some who have sins needing cleansing, whose delay from glory will not be as long as that of those who bring such sins to Purgatory, because the delay between death and resurrection will be short, as Augustine says. Hence for the same reason now also, one of those who bring equal sins can be delayed less from glory than the other and so he will be more quickly freed from the punishments.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod ista quaestio fundatur supra virtutem suffragiorum, utrum scilicet suffragia facta pro aliquo, valeant illi solum pro quo fiunt ad liberationem, vel etiam aliis. Circa quod aliqui dixerunt, quod non magis valent illi quam aliis; immo forte magis valent aliis, si sint melius dispositi ad recipiendum suffragiorum virtutem: et ponunt exemplum, sicut si accendatur cereus in domo pro aliquo divite qui sit caecus, illuminat omnes in domo existentes, et forte alios magis illuminat, si habeant limpidiorem visum. Et secundum hanc opinionem, duorum qui ob aequales culpas in Purgatorio detinentur, unus non potest citius liberari quam alter.	I answer: it must be said that this question is founded on the power of prayers — whether prayers made for someone avail only for that person for whose liberation they are made, or for others also. Concerning this matter some said that they do not avail more for the former than for the others; rather they perhaps avail more for the others if these are better disposed to receive the power of the prayers. And they use an example: it is as if a candle lit in a home for a wealthy man who is blind gives light to all living in the house and perhaps gives more light to others if they have clearer vision. According to this opinion, one of two persons who are detained in Purgatory because of equal faults cannot be freed more quickly than the other.
Sed hanc opinionem non reputo veram; cuius ratio est, quia suffragium unius valet alteri propter duo. Uno modo propter unitatem caritatis, quia omnes qui sunt in caritate, sunt quasi unum corpus; et ita bonum unius redundat in omnes, sicut manus deservit toti corpori, et similiter quodlibet corporis membrum. Et secundum hoc, quodcumque bonum factum ab aliquo, valet cuilibet in caritate existenti, secundum illud Psalm. CXVIII, 63: particeps ego sum omnium timentium te, et custodientium mandata tua. Alio modo secundum quod per intentionem alicuius actus eius transfertur in alterum; puta, si aliquis pro altero solvat aliquod debitum, pro eodem habetur ac si ille solveret pro quo solvitur. Primo ergo modo valet opus bonum per modum meriti, cuius radix est caritas; sed secundo modo opus unius valet alteri per modum satisfactionis, prout unus pro altero satisfacere potest, si hoc intendat: et talis valor attenditur in suffragiis, quae ad hoc fiunt, ut per ea homines liberentur a debito poenae. Et ideo dicendum est, quod suffragia per istum modum non valent nisi illis pro quibus fiunt: et secundum hoc, si pro aliquo fiunt multa suffragia, citius liberatur a poena Purgatorii quam alii pro quibus non fiunt, etiam si aequalia peccata detulerint. Concedendum tamen est, quod suffragia pro uno facta omnibus valent, in quantum scilicet omnes qui sciunt, gaudent ex caritate de bonis quae ex caritate fiunt; et secundum hoc verum est quod illis pro quibus non fiunt, plus valent suffragia, si sint maioris caritatis.	But I do not regard this opinion as true because the prayer of one avails for another for two reasons. It avails in one way because of the unity of charity, because all who are in charity are like one body and just as the hand is devoted to the whole body and likewise to any member of the body, so the good of one redounds to all. Thus any good done by someone avails anyone who is in charity, according to Psalm 119 (1 18):63, "I am the companion of all who fear you and of those who keep your commandments." It avails also in another way if someone's act is transferred to another through his intention, for example if someone pays a debt for another person, because there is the same result as if that one had paid it for himself. So in the first way a good work avails through the manner of merit whose root is charity. But in the second way the work of one avails the other through the manner of satisfaction, since one can satisfy for another if the former so intends. And such value is understood to be in prayers which are made in order that through them men may be freed from the debt of punishment. And so we must say that prayers made in this latter manner avail only for those for whom they are made and, if many prayers are made for someone he is more quickly freed from the punishment of Purgatory than others for whom they are not made, even if they brought equal sins with them. But we must concede that prayers made for one avail for all inasmuch as all who know rejoice out of charity in the good things that are done out of charity. And in this sense it is true that the prayers avail more for those for whom they are not made if these have greater charity.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod peccato veniali, cum non habeat aversionem a Deo, per se loquendo, non debetur poena carentiae visionis divinae nec simpliciter nec ad tempus; sed quod ad tempus retardentur a visione divina, hoc contingit per accidens: quia scilicet quamdiu digni sunt aliqua poena, non possunt participare summam felicitatem, quae in visione consistit. Iustitia autem respicit poenam per se debitam peccato, non autem eam quae per accidens consequitur.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that the punishment of being cut off from the divine vision, either absolutely or for a time, is not as such (per se) due for a venial sin since it does not involve a turning away from God, but that some are delayed from the divine vision for a time happens accidentally, because as long as they are deserving of any punishment they cannot participate in the highest happiness which consists of the vision. Justice, however, considers a punishment due as such (per se) for a sin, not however that which follows accidentally.
Per hoc patet responsio ad secundum.	Through this the response to the second is clear.
Tertium concedimus, et quartum similiter. Illi tamen qui in fine mundi vivi reperientur, parum habebunt de cremabilibus, praecedentibus tribulationibus praepurgati. Poterit etiam fieri ut acerbitas poenae modici temporis recompenset diuturnitatem poenae in aliis.	We concede the third and likewise the fourth. However, those who are found alive at the end of the world will have few sins needing cleansing, having been purged by preceding tribulations. It will also be accomplished so that the painfulness of the punishment for a moderate amount of time makes up for the length of punishment in others.

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Quaestio 8 Deinde quaesitum fuit de remissione peccatorum. Et circa hoc quaesita sunt duo.	Question 8 Two questions were asked concerning the forgiveness of sins:
Primo utrum peccatum in spiritum sanctum sit irremissibile.	1. whether a sin against the Holy Spirit is unforgiveable?
Secundo utrum crucesignatus qui moritur antequam iter arripiat transmarinum, plenam habeat peccatorum remissionem.	2. whether a crusader who dies before he can take the journey across the sea has full forgiveness of sins?
Utrum peccatum in spiritum sanctum sit irremissibile	Article 1: Whether a sin against the Holy Spirit is unforgiveable?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod peccatum in spiritum sanctum non sit irremissibile.	On the first we proceed as follows: it seems that a sin against the Holy Spirit is unforgiveable,
Una est enim dignitas et maiestas patris et filii et spiritus sancti. Sed peccatum in filium non est irremissibile, dicitur enim Matth., cap. XII, 32: quicumque verbum contra filium hominis dixerit, remittetur ei. Ergo peccatum in spiritum sanctum non est irremissibile.	for the dignity and majesty of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are one. But a sin against the Son is not unforgiveable, for Matthew 12:32 says, "Whoever has spoken a word against the son of man, it will be forgiven him." So a sin against the Holy Spirit is not unforgiveable.
Sed contra, est quod ibidem dicitur: qui dixerit contra spiritum sanctum (verbum), non remittetur ei, neque in hoc saeculo, neque in futuro.	But to the contrary: it is said in the same place, "Whoever has spoken a word against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven him either in this world or in the one to come."
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod de peccato in spiritum sanctum tripliciter aliqui sunt locuti. Doctores enim ante Augustinum intellexerunt peccatum in spiritum sanctum esse blasphemiam dictam contra spiritum sanctum, aut opera eius, vel etiam contra divinitatem Dei patris aut filii, quia etiam pater et filius, communiter sumendo, spiritus sanctus est, quia Deus spiritus est, ut dicitur Ioan. cap. IV, 24. Peccatum autem in filium hominis intelligunt blasphemiam in Christum secundum humanam naturam. Et utroque modo peccabant Iudaei in Christum. Primo enim modo contra eum peccabant, miracula, quae per spiritum sanctum et virtute suae divinitatis faciebat, principi Daemoniorum attribuendo. Secundo autem modo contra eum peccabant, dicendo: ecce homo vorax, potator vini, et publicanorum amicus, ut dicitur Matth. XI, 19. Hanc ergo secundam blasphemiam dicit remissibilem, quia habebant aliquam excusationem propter infirmitatem carnis, quam in Christo videbant, aliam vero blasphemiam dicit irremissibilem, quia nullam excusationem habebant videntes manifesta indicia spiritus sancti et divinitatis. Propter hoc, secundum Chrysostomum, perseverantibus non fuit remissa haec blasphemia neque in hoc saeculo neque in futuro: quia in hoc saeculo puniti sunt pro ea per Romanos, et in futuro cruciabuntur in Inferno.	I answer: it must be said that a sin against the Holy Spirit has been spoken of in three ways. For teachers before Augustine understood a sin against the Holy Spirit to be a blasphemy against the Holy Spirit or its works, or even against the divinity of God the Father or the Son, because in the common sense the Holy Spirit is also Father and Son, because God is spirit as John 4:24 says. However, they understand a sin against the Son of Man to be a blasphemy against Christ according to his human nature. And the Jews sinned against Christ in both ways. They sinned against him in the first way by attributing the miracles which he performed through the Holy Spirit and by the power of his divinity to the prince of demons. They sinned against him in the second way saying, "Behold, a gluttonous man, a drunkard, and a friend of publicans," Matthew 11:19. Therefore, Chrysostom calls this second blasphemy forgiveable since they had an excuse because of the weakness of the flesh that they saw in Christ, but he calls the other blasphemy unforgiveable because they had no excuse since they saw clear signs of the Holy Spirit and divinity. Because of this, according to him, this blasphemy was not forgiven those who persevered in it, either in this world or in the one to come, for in this world they were punished for it through the Romans, and in the one to come they will be tortured in hell.
Secundum Augustinum vero, spiritui sancto, qui est caritas patris et filii, attribuitur remissio peccatorum. Ille ergo contra spiritum sanctum peccat, vel blasphemat, vel verbum dicit corde, ore aut opere, qui hoc agit per impoenitentiam usque ad finem vitae suae, ut non fiat ei remissio peccatorum: et tunc planum est quod hoc peccatum in spiritum sanctum non remittitur neque in hoc saeculo neque in futuro.	According to Augustine, forgiveness of sins is attributed to the Holy Spirit which is the charity of the Father and the Son. Therefore, he sins against the Holy Spirit or blasphemes who says the word in his heart, mouth, or work and who does this unrepentant to the end of his life in such a way that forgiveness of sins is not granted him. And then it is plain that this sin against the Holy Spirit is not forgiven either in this world or in the world to come.
Doctores vero moderni dixerunt, quod quia patri attribuitur potentia, filio sapientia, spiritui sancto bonitas; peccatum ex infirmitate est peccatum in patrem, peccatum ex ignorantia est peccatum in filium, peccatum ex certa malitia est peccatum in spiritum sanctum. Quia ergo ignorantia vel infirmitas excusat peccatum vel in toto vel in parte, dicunt, quod peccatum in patrem vel in filium remittitur quia vel totaliter culpa caret, vel culpa diminuitur; malitia vero non excusat peccatum, sed aggravat: et ideo peccatum in spiritum sanctum non remittitur neque in toto neque in parte, quia non habet in se aliquam rationem veniae, per quam diminuatur culpa; et si aliquando remittatur, hoc magis est ex misericordia Dei remittentis, qui etiam morbos incurabiles curat, quam ex remissibilitate peccati.	Modern teachers indeed said that because power is attributed to the Father, wisdom to the Son, and goodness to the Holy Spirit, a sin from weakness is a sin against the Father, a sin from ignorance is a sin against the Son, a sin from a fixed malice is a sin against the Holy Spirit. Therefore, because ignorance or weakness excuses a sin either wholly or partly, they say that a sin against the Father or the Son is forgiven because it either totally lacks fault or it lessens the fault. Malice indeed does not excuse a sin but makes it worse and therefore a sin against the Holy Spirit is not forgiven either wholly or partly because it does not have in itself any aspect of forgiveness to lessen the fault. And if it is sometimes forgiven this is due more to the pity of a forgiving God who cures even incurable diseases than to the remissibility of the sin.
Et per hoc patet solutio ad obiecta.	And through this the solution to the objections is clear.

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Articulus 2 Utrum crucesignatus qui moritur antequam iter arripiat transmarinum, plenam peccatorum remissionem	Article 2 Whether a crusader who dies before he takes the journey across the sea has a plenary indulgence for his sins?
Ad secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod crucesignatus qui moritur antequam iter arripiat, habeat plenam indulgentiam peccatorum.	On the second we proceed as follows: it seems that a crusader who dies before he takes the journey has full indulgence for his sins.
Ad hoc enim quod indulgentia alicui valeat, requiritur quod sit vere poenitens et confessus, ut continetur in littera papali. Sed crucesignatus decedens ante iter assumptum, habet haec omnia quae requiruntur secundum formam litterae ad percipiendam plenam indulgentiam peccatorum. Ergo plene percipit eam.	1. For in order that an indulgence avail someone, it is required that he be truly penitent and confessed, as the papal letter says. Now a crusader who dies before he has taken the journey has all these things which are required according to the form of the letter for the receiving of full indulgence for his sins. Therefore, he receives it fully.
Praeterea, solum Deus remittit peccatum quantum ad culpam. Cum ergo Papa dat indulgentiam omnium peccatorum, hoc non est referendum ad culpam, sed ad universitatem poenarum. Ille ergo qui accipit crucem secundum formam litterae papalis, nullam poenam patietur pro suis peccatis; et sic statim evolabit, plenam remissionem peccatorum consecutus.	2. Further, only God forgives sins as far as the fault is concerned, so when the pope gives an indulgence for all sins this is not to be referred to the fault but to the totality of the punishments. Therefore, he who takes the cross according to the form of the papal letter will suffer no punishment for his sins and so he will ascend to heaven at once accompanied by full forgiveness of his sins.
Sed contra.	But to the contrary:
Augustinus dicit in XV de Trinit. quod non est idem abstrahere telum, et sanare vulnus: telum enim peccati abstrahitur per remissionem peccati; vulnus autem sanatur per reformationem imaginis, quae quidem fit per opera satisfactionis. Sed crucesignatus decedens ante iter arreptum, nullum laborem sustinuit ad reformationem imaginis. Ergo nondum est sanatum vulnus; et sic non poterit ad gloriam statim pervenire antequam poenas Purgatorii patiatur.	1. Augustine says in De trinitate 15 that removing the sword is not the same thing as healing the wound." For the sword of sin is removed through forgiveness of sin; however the wound is healed through the refashioning of God's image which is accomplished through works of satisfaction. But the crusader who dies before taking the journey underwent no labor towards the refashioning of his image so the wound is not yet healed and he will not be able to arrive in glory at once before suffering the punishments of Purgatory.
Praeterea, quilibet sacerdos utitur talibus verbis: ego absolvo te ab omnibus peccatis tuis. Si ergo crucesignatus decedens evolaret, pari ratione quilibet alius a quoque sacerdote absolutus; quod est inconveniens.	2. Moreover, any priest uses such words: "I absolve you from all your sins." Therefore, if the dying crusader should rise to glory, for the same reason so would any other person absolved by any priest. This is incoherent.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod ad evidentiam huius quaestionis, sicut supra dictum est, opus unius potest esse satisfactorium pro alio, ad quem per intentionem facientis refertur. Christus autem pro Ecclesia sua sanguinem suum fudit, et multa alia fecit et sustinuit, quorum aestimatio est infiniti valoris propter dignitatem personae: unde dicitur Sapient. VII, v. 14, quod infinitus est in illa thesaurus hominibus. Similiter etiam et omnes alii sancti intentionem habuerunt in his quae passi sunt et fecerunt propter Deum, ut hoc esset ad utilitatem non solum sui, sed etiam totius Ecclesiae. Totus ergo iste thesaurus est in dispensatione eius qui praeest generali Ecclesiae; unde Petro dominus claves regni caelorum commisit, Matth., XVI. Quando ergo utilitas vel necessitas ipsius Ecclesiae hoc exposcit, potest ille qui praeest Ecclesiae, de ista infinitate thesauri communicare alicui, qui per caritatem fit membrum Ecclesiae, de praedicto thesauro quantum sibi visum fuerit opportunum, vel usque ad totalem remissionem poenarum, vel usque ad aliquam certam quantitatem; ita scilicet quod passio Christi et aliorum sanctorum ei imputetur ac si ipse passus esset quantum sufficeret ad remissionem sui peccati, sicut contingit cum unus pro alio satisfacit, ut dictum est.	I answer: it must be said that, in order to clear up this question, the work of one person can satisfy for another to whom it is referred through the intention of the one performing it, as we said above in article 1. However, Christ shed his blood for his Church and did and suffered much else besides, the estimate of which is of infinite value because of the worth of the person suffering. Hence it is said in Wisdom 7:14 that "there is an infinite amount" in that "treasury for men." Likewise, all the other saints had the intention in the things they suffered and did for God's sake that these would not only be useful for them but also for the whole Church. Therefore, the whole treasury is in the dispensation of him who rules the universal Church, since the Lord committed to Peter the keys of the kingdom of heaven (Matthew 16:19). So when the welfare or necessity of the Church itself demands this, he who rules the Church can share with someone who through charity becomes a member of the Church as much as seemed suitable to him from that infinite treasury, either to the total forgiveness of punishments or up to some determined quantity — and in such a way that the suffering of Christ and the other saints is imputed to this person as though the himself had suffered as much as sufficed for the forgiveness of his sins, just as happens when one satisfies for another, as we said.
Ad hoc ergo quod indulgentia alicui valeat, tria requiruntur. Primo causa pertinens ad honorem Dei, vel ad necessitatem aut utilitatem Ecclesiae. Secundo auctoritas in eo qui facit: Papa enim potest principaliter, alii vero in quantum potestatem ab eo accipiunt vel ordinariam, vel commissam, seu delegatam. Tertio requiritur ut sit in statu caritatis ille qui indulgentiam percipere vult. Et haec tria designantur in littera papali. Nam causa conveniens designatur in hoc quod praemittitur de subsidio terrae sanctae; auctoritas vero in hoc quod fit mentio de auctoritate apostolorum Petri et Pauli, et ipsius Papae; caritas autem recipientis, in hoc quod dicitur: omnibus vere poenitentibus et confessis. Non dicit, et satisfacientibus: quia indulgentia non excusat a contritione et confessione, sed cedit in locum satisfactionis. Est ergo dicendum in quaestione proposita, quod si secundum formam papalis litterae indulgentia concedatur accipientibus crucem in subsidium terrae sanctae, crucesignatus statim habet indulgentiam, etiamsi decedat antequam iter arripiat: quia sic causa indulgentiae erit non iter, sed votum itineris. Si autem in forma litterae contineatur quod indulgentia detur his qui transierint ultra mare; ille qui decedit antequam transeat, non habet indulgentiae causam.	Therefore, for indulgence to avail someone three things are needed: first a cause pertaining to God's honor or the Church's necessity or welfare; second the authority in the one who grants indulgences, for the pope can do so principally and others can inasmuch as they receive either ordinary or committed, that is delegated power from him; third that he who wants to receive the indulgence be in a state of charity. And these three conditions are designated in the papal letter. For the appropriate cause is designated in what was premised concerning the aid of the Holy Land, the authority indeed in that mention is made of the authority of the apostles Peter and Paul and of the pope himself, the charity of the recipient in these words, "To all penitents and confessed people." It does not say, "and those making satisfaction" because an indulgence does not excuse one from contrition and confession but takes the place of satisfaction. Hence we must say to the question proposed that if, according to the form of the papal letter, an indulgence is conceded to those taking the cross in aid of the Holy Land, a crusader has an indulgence at once, even if he dies before he takes the journey. However, if it is contained in the form of the letter that an indulgence be given those who cross the sea, he who dies before he crosses lacks the cause of the indulgence.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod in hoc ultimo casu deficit in crucesignato decedente illud quod est principalius, scilicet indulgentiae causa.	Therefore, to the first it must be said that in this last case, that which is more principal, namely the cause of the indulgence, is lacking in the dying crusader.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod per auctoritatem solus Deus culpam remittit, sed ministerio etiam sacerdos, in quantum exhibet sacramentum remissionis peccati, puta in Baptismo vel poenitentia. Et tamen indulgentia non se extendit ad remissionem culpae, quia non est sacramentalis, unde non sequitur ordinem, sed iurisdictionem; potest enim et non sacerdos indulgentiam concedere, si sit ei commissum. Et ideo poena totaliter remittitur si causa subsit, non autem si causa desit.	To the second it must be said that only God forgives a fault through authority, but a priest does also by his ministry insofar as he confers a sacrament of the forgiveness of sins, for example in baptism or in penance. However, an indulgence is not extended for forgiveness of a fault because it is not something sacramental since it does not result from orders but jurisdiction. For a non-priest can also grant an indulgence if it is committed to him to do so and therefore, the punishment is wholly remitted if the cause is there but not if it is wanting.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod satisfactio et est punitiva in quantum est actus vindicativae iustitiae, et est etiam medicativa, in quantum est quoddam sacramentale. Indulgentia ergo supplet locum satisfactionis, in quantum est punitiva: quia scilicet poena quam alius sustinuit, imputatur isti ac si ipse sustinuisset, et ideo reatus poenae tollitur; sed non succedit in locum satisfactionis in quantum est medicativa, quia adhuc remanent pronitates ad peccandum derelictae ex priori peccato, ad quas sanandas necessarius est labor satisfactionis. Et ideo crucesignatis, dum vivunt, consulendum est ut non praetermittant satisfactionis opera, in quantum sunt praeservativa a peccatis futuris, licet reatus poenae sit totaliter solutus. Nec ad hoc requiritur aliquis labor; quia sufficit labor passionis Christi. Morientibus autem non est necessaria huiusmodi praeservatio, sed solum liberatio a reatu poenae.	To the third it must be said that satisfaction is both punitive inasmuch as it is an act of vindictive justice, and also medicinal inasmuch as it is something sacramental. So an indulgence takes the place of satisfaction as punitive, because the punishment which another suffers is imputed to this person as though he himself had suffered, and therefore the guilty condition of punishment is removed. But it does not take the place of satisfaction as medicinal, because the propensities to commit sins which are left from a prior sin remain, and for the healing of these the labor of satisfaction is more necessary. And therefore, crusaders while they live must be counseled not to neglect works of satisfaction inasmuch as they preserve from future sins, although the guilty condition of punishment be totally removed. Nor is any labor required for this because the labor of Christ's suffering suffices. However, such preservation is not necessary for the dying, but only liberation from the guilty condition of punishment.
Ad quartum dicendum, quod verbum sacerdotis dicentis, absolvo te ab omnibus peccatis tuis, non refertur ad poenam, sed ad culpam, cuius absolutioni ministerium impendit. Non potest autem aliquis absolvi ab una culpa, quin absolvatur ab omnibus. Poena vero potest totaliter dimitti, vel particulariter. Particulariter quidem in absolutione sacramentali poena dimittitur; totaliter vero in spirituali gratia indulgentiae: sicut etiam dominus dicit Ioan. VIII, 11, mulieri adulterae: non te condemnabo; vade, et amplius noli peccare.	To the fourth it must be said that the priest's saying "I absolve you from all your sins," is not related to punishment but to fault for the absolution of which he devotes his ministry. However, no one can be absolved from one fault without being absolved from all. Punishment can be dismissed totally or in particular — in particular indeed in sacramental absolution, totally in the spiritual grace of an indulgence, as the Lord says to an adulterous woman in John 8:11: "I will not condemn you. Go and sin no more."

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St. Thomas Aquinas: Quaestiones quodlibetales III, q. 4
Articulus 2 Utrum auditores diversorum magistrorum theologiae habentium contrarias opiniones, excusentur a peccato, si sequantur falsas opiniones magistrorum suorum	Article 2 Whether those listening to different teachers of Theology who have contrary opinions are excused from sin if they follow the false opinions of their teachers.
Ad secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod auditores diversorum magistrorum tenentium diversas opiniones, excusentur a peccato erroris si opiniones magistrorum suorum sequantur.	Sic: As for the second article, the case for an affirmative answer goes as follows: It seems that those listening to different teachers who hold diverse opinions are excused from the sin of being in error if they follow the opinions of their teachers.
Dicit enim dominus Matth., XXIII, 2: super cathedram Moysi sederunt Scribae et Pharisaei: omnia quae dicunt vobis, servate et facite. Multo ergo magis servanda sunt illa quae traduntur a doctoribus sacrae Scripturae; ergo non peccant qui eorum opiniones sequuntur.	For at Matthew 23:2 the Lord says, "The scribes and Pharisees sit upon the chair of Moses: do everything and observe everything they tell you." It follows that those things which are taught by doctors of Sacred Scripture are all the more to be respected; so those who follow their opinions do not sin.
Sed contra, est quod dicitur Matth., XV, 14: si caecus ducatum caeco praestet, ambo in foveam cadunt. Sed quicumque errat, caecus est, in quantum errat. Ergo quicumque sequitur opinionem errantis magistri, in foveam peccati cadit.	Sed contra: But opposed to this is what is said at Matthew 15:14, "If one blind man leads another, they will both fall into the pit." But anyone who is in error is blind insofar as he is in error. Therefore, whoever follows the opinion of a teacher who is in error falls into the pit of sin.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod diversae opiniones doctorum sacrae Scripturae, si quidem non pertineant ad fidem et bonos mores, absque periculo auditores utramque opinionem sequi possunt: tunc enim habet locum quod apostolus dicit ad Rom., XIV, 5: unusquisque in suo sensu abundet.	Response: It should be said that if the differing opinions of the doctors of Sacred Scripture do not pertain to faith or good morals, then the listeners can follow either opinion without danger. For in that case what the Apostle says in Romans 14:5 applies: "Let each abound in his own understanding."
In his vero quae pertinent ad fidem et bonos mores, nullus excusatur, si sequatur erroneam opinionem alicuius magistri: in talibus enim ignorantia non excusat; alioquin immunes a peccato fuissent qui secuti sunt opiniones Arii, Nestorii, et aliorum haeresiarcharum.	But in those matters that pertain to faith and good morals no one is excused if he follows the erroneous opinion of some teacher. For in such matters ignorance does not excuse; otherwise, those who followed the opinions of Arius, Nestorius and the other heresiarchs would have been immune from sin.
Nec potest excusationem habere propter simplicitatem auditorum, si in talibus erroneam opinionem sequatur. In rebus enim dubiis non est de facili praestandus assensus; quinimmo, ut Augustinus dicit in Lib. III de doctrina Christiana, consulere debet quis regulam fidei, quam de Scripturarum planioribus locis et Ecclesiae auctoritate percipit.	Nor can the naivet of the listeners be used as an excuse if they follow an erroneous opinion in such matters. For in doubtful matters assent is not to be given easily. To the contrary, as Augustine says in De Doctrina Christiana III: "Everyone should consult the rule of faith which he gets from the clearer texts in the Scriptures and from the authority of the Church."
Qui ergo assentit opinioni alicuius magistri contra manifestum Scripturae testimonium, sive contra id quod publice tenetur secundum Ecclesiae auctoritatem, non potest ab erroris vitio excusari.	Therefore, no one who assents to the opinion of any teacher in opposition to the manifest testimony of Scripture or in opposition to what is officially held in accordance with the authority of the Church can be excused from the vice of being in error.
Ad illud ergo in contrarium obiicitur, dicendum, quod ideo praemisit: super cathedram Moysi sederunt Scribae et Pharisaei, ut quod postea subdit: omnia quae dixerint vobis servate et facite, de illis intelligatur quae ad cathedram pertinent, ad quam non pertinent ea quae sunt contra fidem vel bonos mores.	As for the argument on behalf of the contrary position, then, one should respond that the reason he first said "The scribes and Pharisees sit upon the chair of Moses" was so that what he then added, viz., "Do everything and observe everything they tell you," might be understood to apply to those things which pertain to that chair. However, things which are contrary to the faith or to good morals do not pertain to that chair.

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St. Thomas Aquinas:
Quaestiones quodlibeta V, ques. 6, art. 1

Utrum forma panis in sacramento Eucharistiae annihiletur	Is the form of the bread annihilated (in the sacrament of the Altar)?
Ad primum sic proceditur: videtur quod forma panis in sacramento Eucharistiae annihiletur.	[As we move to the first question, it seems that the form of bread in the sacrament of the altar is annihilated.]
Illud enim annihilari videtur, quod desinit esse et in nihil convertitur. Sed forma panis, facta consecratione, desinit esse, nec est dare in quod convertatur: non enim convertitur in materiam corporis Christi, nec etiam in formam eius, quae est anima, alioquin anima esset ibi ex vi sacramenti. Ergo forma panis annihilatur.	OBJ 1. It seems that what is annihilated is that which ceases to exist and is not converted into anything. But once the consecration has taken place, the form of the bread ceases to exist and there is nothing into which it is converted.
	For it is not converted into the matter of Christ's body; nor is it converted into the form of Christ's body, that is, his soul--otherwise, his soul would exist there by the power of the sacrament. Therefore, the form of the bread is annihilated.
Praeterea, Augustinus dicit: si humana natura convertitur in verbum, si diligentius cogitamus, homo periret in Deo. Sed illud annihilari dicitur quod perit. Ergo, si panis convertitur in corpus Christi, videtur quod annihiletur.	OBJ 2. Further, in his commentary on John 17:5 ("Exalt me, Father..."), Augustine says, "If the human nature were converted into the Word, then if we consider this carefully, a man would perish in God." But what is said to be annihilated is that which perishes. Therefore, if the bread is converted into the body of Christ, it seems that it is annihilated.
Sed contra est, quia sicut Augustinus dicit, Lib. LXXXIII quaest., Deus non est auctor tendendi in non esse. Est autem auctor sacramenti Eucharistiae. Ergo in illo sacramento nihil annihilatur.	On the contrary: As Augustine claims in Quaestiones 83, God is not the source of anything's falling into non-being. But he is the source of the sacrament of the Eucharist. Therefore, in this sacrament nothing is annihilated.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod annihilatio quemdam motum importat. Omnis autem motus denominatur a termino ad quem; unde terminus annihilationis est nihil.	I answer: One should claim that annihilation involves a certain motion; but every motion is designated by its terminus ad quem; hence, the terminus of annihilation is nothingness.
Consecratio autem panis in sacramento Eucharistiae, non terminatur ad nihil, sed ad corpus Christi; alioquin non esset dare quomodo corpus Christi incipiat esse sub sacramento; non enim incipit ibi esse per motum localem, alioquin desineret esse in caelo.	In the sacrament of the Eucharist, however, the consecration of the bread is terminated not in nothingness but in the body of Christ. Otherwise, there would be no explanation for how the body of Christ begins to exist under the sacrament. For it does not begin to exist there through a local motion, since otherwise it would cease to exist in heaven.
Relinquitur ergo quod in consecratione panis non est aliqua annihilatio, sed transubstantiatio panis in corpus Christi.	What's left, then, is that in the consecration of the bread there is no annihilation of the bread into the body of Christ.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod sicut in generatione naturali neque forma neque materia generatur aut corrumpitur, sed totum compositum; ita etiam in sacramento altaris non est quaerendum seorsum de forma aut materia in quid convertatur; sed totus panis convertitur in totum corpus Christi, in quantum est corpus: quia si in triduo mortis Christi fuisset consecratio facta, non fuisset ibi anima, sed corpus exanime, sicut in sepulcro iacebat.	Reply to OBJ 1: Just as in natural generation it is neither the form nor the matter that is generated or corrupted, but instead the whole composite, so too in the sacrament of the altar one should not ask separately about what the form or the matter is converted into. Rather, the whole of the bread is converted into the whole of the body of Christ insofar as it is a body. For if a consecration had taken place during the triduum of Christ's death, then the soul would not have existed there but [only] the lifeless body--in the same condition in which it was lying in the tomb.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod perire diceretur natura humana, si converteretur in verbum, in quantum esse desineret, quod pertinet ad terminum a quo; non autem si annihiletur quantum ad terminum ad quem.	Reply to OBJ 2: If the human nature were converted into the Word, it would be said to perish insofar as it would cease to exist--something that pertains to the terminus a quo. However, if it were annihilated, it would not be said to perish because of the terminus ad quem.

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Quodlibetal Questions, IX, q. 2, a. 1[2]

Utrum in Christo sit una hypostasis tantum. Ad primum sic proceditur.	"Whether there is only one hypostasis in Christ."
Videtur quod in Christo sint plures hypostases.	It seems that there are many hypostases in Christ.
Unio enim animae ad corpus praesupponitur ad assumptionem; quia Christus humanitatem sive humanam naturam assumpsit, quae, cum sit forma totius, dicit aliquid compositum ex anima et corpore. Sed anima et corpus unita faciunt hypostasim hominis. Ergo hypostasis in humana natura praeintelligitur assumptioni. Sed omne quod praeintelligitur assumptioni, potest dici esse assumptum. Ergo hypostasis Verbi assumpsit hypostasim hominis...; et sic sunt duae hypostases in Christo.	1. For the assumption presupposes the union of the soul to the body, because Christ assumed his humanity or a human nature, which, since it is the form of a whole designates something composed from a soul and a body; but the united soul and body produce the hypostasis of a man. Therefore, a hypostasis in a human nature is presupposed in the assumption; but everything that the assumption presupposes can be called assumed; therefore, the hypostasis of the Word assumed the hypostasis of a man. ["The thing assuming is not the thing assumed", according to Boethius. Therefore, the hypostasis of man and the hypostasis of the Word differ in Christ]; and thus there are two hypostases there.
Praeterea, corpus quod praeintelligitur assumptioni, est assumptibile. Sed corpus non est assumptibile nisi ut unitum animae rationali: non enim dicitur corpus inanimatum esse assumptibile. Ergo unio animae et corporis praeintelligitur ad assumptionem humanae naturae; et sic idem quod prius.	2. Further, the body, which the assumption presupposes, is assumable: but the body is not assumable except as united to a rational soul; for an inanimate body is not said to be assumable. Therefore, the union of the soul to the body is presupposed to the assumption of human nature; and thus the same conclusion as the first objection follows.
Praeterea, medium unionis praesupponitur ad unionem. Sed gratia est medium unionis humanae naturae ad divinam personam, unde dicitur gratia unionis. Ergo praesupponitur ad unionem. Gratia autem non potest intelligi nisi in anima; anima autem non intelligitur esse antequam corpori uniatur: quia creando infunditur, et infundendo creatur. Ergo oportet praeintelligi unionem animae cum corpore, ad unionem humanae naturae cum divina; et sic idem quod prius.	3. The medium of the union is presupposed to the union; but grace is the medium of the union of the human nature to the divine person, hence it is called the grace of union; therefore, it is presupposed to the union. But grace cannot be understood except in a soul, nor is a soul understood to exist before being united to a body, because "by being created it is infused and by being infused it is created". Therefore, it is necessary to understand the union of the soul with the body before the union of the human nature with the divine. Thus, we get the same objection as before.
Praeterea, humanitas est quaedam forma substantialis. Omnis autem forma substantialis requirit aliquid quod per ipsam informetur. Non autem potest dici quod hypostasis vel suppositum aeternum informetur per aliquam formam creatam. Ergo oportet in Christo ponere aliquod suppositum vel hypostasim creatam, quae humanitate informetur; et sic in Christo erunt duae hypostases: hypostasis scilicet Verbi, et hypostasis hominis.	4. Further, Humanity is a certain substantial form; but every substantial form requires something that is informed through it. Now it cannot be said that the eternal hypostasis or suppositum is informed through some created form. Therefore it is necessary to posit some suppositum or created hypostasis in Christ which may be informed by the humanity; and thus there are two hypostases in Christ, namely, the hypostasis of the Word and the hypostasis of the man.
Sed contra. Ea quae sunt ad invicem disparata, non praedicantur de se invicem, nisi per hoc quod conveniunt in uno supposito; sicut dicimus quod album est dulce, propter unitatem subiecti. Sed divina natura et humana sunt naturae penitus disparatae; praedicantur autem de se invicem in concreto; dicimus enim, Deus est homo, et homo est Deus. Ergo est ibi unum suppositum tantum, et una hypostasis.	To the contrary, (1) those things which are disparate from one another are not predicated of one another, unless they belong to one suppositum, just as we say that a white thing is sweet on account of the unity of the subject; but the divine nature and the human nature are utterly disparate natures, but they are predicated of one another in the concrete (in concreto). For we say "God is man", and "Man is God"; therefore, there is only one suppositum and one hypostasis there.
Si dicatur, quod praedicatur de se invicem propter hoc quod conveniunt in una persona, non per hoc quod conveniunt in uno supposito, vel hypostasi una, sicut dicimus, album est dulce; contra: persona non addit supra hypostasim vel suppositum nisi aliquod accidens, scilicet proprietatem ad dignitatem pertinentem. Si ergo in Christo esset una persona, et non unum suppositum vel hypostasis, divina natura et humana essent in ipso unitae solum in accidente; quod falsum est.	(2) If it is said that things are predicated of one another on account of the fact that they share in one person, but not in one suppositum or one hypostasis, to the contrary: person does not add [anything] beyond a hypostasis or a suppositum except something accidental, namely, a property pertaining to dignity; therefore, if there were one person and not one suppositum and hypostasis in Christ, the divine nature and the human nature would be united in him only accidentally, which is false.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod secundum opinionem secundam, quam Magister dist. 6 lib. III Sententiarum ponit, quae est communis opinio modernorum, et aliis multo verior et securior, in Christo est unum suppositum tantum, et una tantum hypostasis, sicut et persona una.	I answer that, according to the second opinion which Peter Lombard posits in distinction VI, of book III of the Sentences, which is the common opinion of recent writers and is truer and safer than the others [i.e. opinions] by far: there is only one suppositum and only one hypostasis in Christ, just as there is one person.
Oportet namque nos secundum doctrinam fidei ponere unam rem subsistentem in duabus naturis, divina scilicet, et humana: alias non posset dici, quod unus esset Dominus Iesus Christus secundum sententiam Apostoli, I Ad Cor. viii, 6. Unde et Nestorius fuit damnatus propter hoc quod Christum praesumpsit dividere, duas introducens personas.	For truly it is necessary that we posit one thing subsisting in two natures, namely human and divine, according to the teaching of the faith. Otherwise, it could not be said that the Lord Jesus Christ is one according to the statement of the Apostle, I Corinthians, VIII. Hence Nestorius was condemned on account of the fact that he presumed to divide Christ, introducing two persons.
Illud autem quod est subsistens in natura, est aliquod individuum et singulare: unde unitas Christi, in qua duae naturae uniuntur, attribuenda est alicui nomini per quod singularitas designetur. Nominum autem quae singularitatem designant, quaedam significant singulare in quolibet genere entis, sicut hoc nomen singulare et particulare et individuum, quia haec albedo est quoddam singulare et particulare et individuum; nam universale et particulare circumeunt omne genus. Quaedam vero significant singulare solum in genere substantiae; sicut hoc nomen hypostasis, quod significat individuam substantiam; et hoc nomen persona, quod significat substantiam individuam rationalis naturae: et similiter hoc nomen suppositum vel res naturae; quorum nullum de hac albedine potest praedicari, quamvis haec albedo sit singularis; eo quod unumquodque eorum significat aliquid ut subsistens, accidentia vero non subsistunt. Partes vero substantiarum quamvis sint de natura subsistentium, non tamen per se subsistunt, sed in alio sunt; unde etiam praedicta nomina de partibus substantiarum non dicuntur: non enim dicimus quod haec manus sit hypostasis vel persona, vel suppositum, vel res naturae, quamvis possit dici quod sit quoddam individuum, vel particulare, vel singulare, quae nomina de accidentibus dicebantur.	Now that which is subsisting in a nature is something individual or singular. Hence, the unity of Christ, in which the two natures are united, must be attributed to some name through which singularity is designated. However, of those names which designate singularity, certain ones signify a singular thing in any genus of beings, such as the name 'singular', so also both 'particular' and 'individual', because this whiteness is a certain singular both individual and particular. For the universal and the particular extend to every genus. But certain names signify singularity only in the genus of substance, as the name 'hypostasis', which signifies an individual substance, and the name 'person', which signifies an individual substance of a rational nature; and similarly the name 'suppositum' or 'a thing of nature', none of which can be predicated of this whiteness, although this whiteness is singular, to the extent that each of these names signify something subsisting per se, but accidents do not subsist [in this way]. In fact, the parts of substances, although they are of the nature of subsisting things, nevertheless do not subsist per se, but they are in another; thus, even the aforesaid names are not said of the parts of substances; for we do not say that this hand is a hypostasis, a person, a suppositum, or a thing of nature, although it may be said that it is a certain individual or particular or singular, which names are also said of accidents.
Non autem potest dici quod humana natura in Christo, vel aliqua pars eius, sit per se subsistens: hoc enim unioni repugnaret; nisi poneremus unionem secundum quid et non simpliciter: sicut uniuntur lapides in acervo, vel duo homines per effectum amoris, vel per aliquam imitationis similitudinem: quae omnia dicimus esse unum secundum quid, et non simpliciter. Quod enim est simpliciter unum et per se subsistens, nihil continet actu per subsistens, sed forte in potentia. Unde servata veritate unionis naturarum in Christo, oportet ponere sicut unam personam, ita unam hypostasim, et unum suppositum, et unam rem duarum naturarum. Sed ipsam humanam naturam in Christo nihil prohibet dicere esse quoddam individuum, aut singulare, aut particulare; et similiter quaslibet partes humanae naturae, ut manus et pedes et ossa, quorum quodlibet est quoddam individuum: non tamen quod de toto praedicetur, quia nullum eorum est individuum per se subsistens. Sed individuum per se subsistens, vel singulare, vel particulare, quod praedicatur de Christo, est unum tantum.	Now it cannot be said that the human nature in Christ or some part of it is subsisting per se: for this is contrary to the union, unless we posited a union in a certain respect and not absolutely [secundum quid et non simpliciter], as stones are united in a pile or [as] two men [are united] through the desire of love or through some likeness of imitation, all of which we call one in a certain respect and not simply. For that which is one thing, subsisting per se simply, contains nothing subsisting per se actually, but perhaps it does potentially. Hence, having preserved the truth of the union of natures in Christ, just as it is necessary to posit one person, so also one hypostasis, one suppositum and one thing of two natures [must be posited]. But nothing prevents saying that the human nature in Christ is a certain individual or singular or particular; and similarly any part of the human nature, as hands and feet and bones, each of which is a certain individual, yet it is not what is predicated of the whole, since none of them is an individual subsisting per se; but the individual subsisting per se, whether the singular or the particular which is predicated of Christ is only one.
Unde possumus dicere, in Christo esse plura individua, vel singularia, vel particularia: non autem possumus dicere, Christum esse plura individua vel singularia vel particularia. Sed plures hypostases vel supposita non possumus dicere in Christo esse.	Hence, we can say that there are many individuals or singulars or particulars in Christ, but we do not say that Christ is many individuals or singulars or particulars; but neither can we say that there are many hypostases or supposita in Christ.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod ex unione animae et corporis constituitur et homo et humanitas: quae quidem duo hoc modo differunt: quod humanitas significatur per modum partis, eo quod humanitas dicitur qua homo est homo, et sic praecise significat essentialia principia speciei, per quae hoc individuum in tali specie collocatur; unde se habet per modum partis, cum praeter huiusmodi principia multa alia in rebus naturae inveniantur. Sed homo significatur per modum totius: homo enim dicitur habens humanitatem, vel subsistens in humanitate, sine praecisione quorumcumque aliorum supervenientium essentialibus principiis speciei; quia per hoc quod dico: habens humanitatem; non praeciditur, qui habet colorem, et quantitatem, et alia huiusmodi.	1. From the union of the soul and the body both a man and humanity are established, in fact these two differ in this way, that humanity is signified through the manner of a part, insofar as humanity is called that by which a man is a man, and thus it signifies precisely the essential principles of the species through which this individual is placed in such a species, hence it has the status of a part, since beyond principles of this kind many others are found in things of nature. But, a man is signified through the manner of a whole: for a man is spoken of [as] having humanity or subsisting in humanity, without the exclusion of any other supervening things in the essential principles of the species. Due to this fact I say that 'having humanity' is not cut off [from] having colour and quality and other things of this kind.
Secundum ergo secundam opinionem praedictam, unioni humanae naturae ad divinam praesupponitur unio animae et corporis secundum quod constituit humanitatem, non secundum quod constituit hominem. Illud enim quod in Christo est constitutum ex anima et corpore tantum, quod unioni praesupponitur, non est totum quod per se subsistit, sed aliquid eius; et ideo non potest signari ut homo, sed ut humanitas. Unde oportet dicere, quod in ipsa unione humanae naturae ad divinam quasi in termino assumptionis, intelligatur primo in Christo ratio hominis, quia tunc primo intelligitur ut res per se subsistens completa. et in hoc differt ab aliis duabus opinionibus.	Therefore, according to the second opinion stated above [i.e. as listed in Peter Lombard], the union of the soul and the body is presupposed to the union of the human nature to the divine insofar as it establishes humanity, but not insofar as it establishes a man. For that which was established in Christ from the soul and body alone, which is presupposed to the union, is not a whole which subsists per se, but it is some [part] of him and thus it is not able to be signified as a man, but as humanity. Hence, it is necessary to say that in the union of the human nature to the divine the character [ratio] of a man is understood first in Christ as if in the term of the assumption, since it is then primarily understood as a completed thing existing per se. And it differs from the other two opinions in this.
Nam prima opinio ponit, quod unio animae ad carnem praesupponitur secundum intellectum assumptioni humanae naturae, non secundum solum hoc quod constituit humanitatem, sed etiam secundum quod constituit hominem; dicit enim hominem esse assumptum.	For the first opinion posits that a union of the soul to the flesh is presupposed according to the understanding of an assumption of human nature, not only insofar as it establishes humanity, but also insofar as it establishes a man: for it says that a man was assumed.
Tertia vero opinio ponit, quod nec etiam in termino assumptionis intelligitur anima corpori unita, nec ad constituendum hominem, nec ad constituendam humanam naturam; dicit enim humanam naturam sumi multipliciter, idest pro partibus eius, scilicet anima et corpore, cum dicamus, humanam naturam assumptam a Verbo: unde patet quod nec vere dicit Christum esse hominem, nec vere ponit humanam naturam in Christo: et ideo est tamquam haeretica condemnata.	Now, the third opinion posits that the soul united to the body is not understood even in the completion , neither for constituting a man nor for consituting a human nature: for it says that human nature is taken materially, i.e. for its parts, namely, a soul and a body, when we say that the human nature was assumed by the Word. Hence it is obvious that this opinion posits that Christ is neither true man nor does it truly posit a human nature in him, and the same opinion was condemned as heretical.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod corpus unitum animae praeintelligitur assumptioni humanae naturae: unitum autem dico unione constituente humanitatem, non autem unione constituente hominem.	2. The body united to the soul is presupposed to the assumption of human nature, but I say that it was united by the union constituting humanity, but not by the union constituting a man.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod gratia habitualis non intelligitur ut medium unionis, quod secundum intellectum praecedit unionem: nec est medium quod causet unionem vel unibilitatem: sed medium quod facit ad congruitatem unionis, sicut decora vestis facit ad congruitatem coniunctionis matrimonialis. Et similiter scientia et omnes aliae perfectiones Christi possent dici medium unionis; et pro tanto gratia habitualis Christi potest dici gratia unionis. Verius tamen puto, quod gratia unionis dicatur vel ipsa gratuita Dei voluntas, quae gratis, nullis meritis praecedentibus, unionem fecit; vel potius ipsum donum gratis datum humanae naturae, quod est esse in divina persona. Si tamen anima unita corpori praeintelligitur ad assumptionem, solvendum est ut prius.	3. Habitual grace is not understood as the medium of the union which according to the understanding of it precedes the union: for it is not such a medium that causes the union or unitability, but a medium which produces suitability of the union, just as suitable clothing makes for the suitability of matrimonial joining (and similarly the knowledge and all other perfections of Christ can be called the medium of the union) and because of all that Christ's habitual grace can be called the grace of union. Yet I think that it is more truly said that the grace of union refers either to the gratuitous will of God which freely produced the union, that is with no preceding merits, or it refers to a gift freely given (donum gratis datum) to human nature, namely, to be in the divine person. Yet, if the soul united to the body is presupposed to the assumption, it must be solved in the same way as before.
Ad quartum dicendum, quod humanitas non est forma partis quae dicatur forma quia informet aliquam materiam vel subiectum; sed dicitur forma totius, in qua suppositum naturae subsistit; unde non oportet ponere quod hypostasis increata informetur humanitate, sed quod subsistit in ea.	4. Humanity is not the form of a part which is called a form because it informs some matter or subject, but it is called the form of a whole, in which a nature's suppositum subsists; hence it is not necessary to posit that the uncreated hypostasis is informed by humanity, but that it subsists in it.

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Quodlibetal Questions, IX, q. 2, a. 2[3]:
"Whether there is only one being in Christ?"

Ad secundum sic proceditur: videtur quod in Christo non sit unum tantum esse.	It seems that there is not only one being in Christ:
Vivere enim, secundum Philosophum in II de Anima, viventibus est esse. Sed in Christo non est tantum unum vivere, cum duplex sit in eo vita: creata scilicet vita, qua vivit corpus per animam, quae morte privatur; et vita increata, qua vivit per seipsum. Ergo nec in Christo est tantum unum esse.	Objection 1: For, according to the Philosopher in book II of De Anima, living is being in living things; but there is not only one act of living in Christ, since there is in him both a created life, by which a body lives through a soul, which is lost in death, and an uncreated life, by which the Word lives through himself: therefore, there is not only one being in Christ.
Praeterea, sicut esse est suppositi, ita et operatio. Sed unitas suppositi non facit quin in Christo sint plures operationes. Ergo nec faciet quod in Christo sit tantum unum esse.	Objection 2: Further, just as being is of a suppositum, so too is operation; but the unity of a suppositum does not entail that there are not many operations in Christ; therefore neither does it entail that there is only one being.
Praeterea, generatio est mutatio ad esse. Sed in Christo est quaedam generatio temporalis, de qua Matth. I, 18: Christi autem generatio sic erat: quae non potest terminari ad esse aeternum. Ergo terminatur ad aliquod esse temporale et creatum. Ergo in Christo est duplex esse, cum in ipso maxime sit esse increatum.	Objection 3: Further, "generation is a change towards being"; but in Christ there is a kind of temporal generation, about which Matthew says: "Now the generation of Christ was thus...", which cannot be terminated at an eternal being; therefore it is terminated at some temporal and created being; therefore there is a two-fold being in Christ, since there is most specially an uncreated being in him.
Praeterea, unicuique est attribuendum esse de quo convenienter quaeri potest an est. Sed de humana natura potest quaeri an est. Ergo humana natura habet esse proprium in Christo; et sic est in eo duplex esse, cum etiam humana natura suum esse habeat.	Objection 4: Further, being must be attributed to each and every thing, about which we can fittingly ask "does it exist?"; but it is possible to ask whether human nature exists; therefore human nature has its own being in Christ, and thus there is a two-fold being in him, since the divine nature also has its own being.
Sed contra, quaecumque sunt distincta secundum esse, sunt in supposito distincta. Sed in Christo est unum tantum suppositum. ergo et unum tantum esse.	To the contrary, whatever things are distinct according to being, are distinct according to suppositum; but there is only one suppositum in Christ; therefore there is also only one being.
Respondeo. Dicendum, quod esse, dupliciter dicitur, ut patet per Philosophum in V Metaph., et in quadam glossa Origenis super principium Ioan. Uno modo, secundum quod est copula verbalis significans compositionem cuiuslibet enuntiationis quam anima facit: unde hoc esse non est aliquid in rerum natura, sed tantum in actu animae componentis et dividentis. Et sic esse attribuitur omni ei de quo potest propositio formari, sive sit ens, sive privatio entis; dicimus enim caecitatem esse. Alio modo esse dicitur actus entis in quantum est ens, idest quo denominatur aliquid ens actu in rerum natura. Et sic esse non attribuitur nisi rebus ipsis quae in decem generibus continentur; unde ens a tali esse dictum per decem genera dividitur.	I answer that the term 'being' is used in two ways, as is obvious from Aristotle in book V of the Metaphysics and in a certain gloss of Origen on the beginning of John. It is used in one way, insofar as it is a verbal copula signifying the composition of any enunciation which the mind produces, hence being [taken] in this way does not signify something in the nature of things, but only in the mind's act of composing and dividing; and in this sense being [esse] is attributed to everything about which a proposition can be formed, whether it is a being [ens] or a privation of being: for we say that there is blindness. In another way being means the act of a being insofar as it is a being [actus entis in quantum est ens], i.e. that by which something is called an actual being in reality; and thus being is only attributed to real things which are contained amongst the ten categories, hence a being [ens] said to have being [esse] in this way falls under the ten categories.
Sed hoc esse attribuitur alicui dupliciter.	But being in this sense is attributed to something in two ways.
Uno modo ut sicut ei quod proprie et vere habet esse vel est. Et sic attribuitur soli substantiae per se subsistenti: unde quod vere est, dicitur substantia in I Physic.. Omnia vero quae non per se subsistunt, sed in alio et cum alio, sive sint accidentia sive formae substantiales aut quaelibet partes, non habent esse ita ut ipsa vere sint, sed attribuitur eis esse alio modo, idest ut quo aliquid est; sicut albedo dicitur esse, non quia ipsa in se subsistat, sed quia ea aliquid habet esse album. Esse ergo proprie et vere non attribuitur nisi rei per se subsistenti.	In one way, as [it is attributed] to that which truly and properly has being or is; and in this way it is only attributed to substances subsisting through themselves, hence "what truly is" is called substance in book 1 of the Physics. Now, all these things which do not subsist through themselves, but [subsist] in another and with another, whether they are accidents, substantial forms, or any parts, do not have being in such a way that they truly are, but being is attributed to them in another way, i.e. as that by which something is. Just as whiteness is said to be, not because it subsists, but because it has something that is white. Therefore, being is not truly and properly attributed to a thing unless it is subsisting per se.
Huic autem attribuitur esse duplex. Unum scilicet esse resultans ex his ex quibus eius unitas integratur, quod proprium est esse suppositi substantiale. Aliud esse est supposito attributum praeter ea quae integrant ipsum, quod est esse superadditum, scilicet accidentale; ut esse album attribuitur Socrati cum dicitur: Socrates est albus.	But being is attributed to such a thing in two ways. One is of course being which results from those things from which a thing's unity is brought about and this is the substantial being proper to a suppositum. Being in the other sense is attributed [to things] beyond those which constitute the suppositum, that is super-added , i.e. accidental, being, as being white is attributed to Socrates when we say: Socrates is white.
Quia ergo in Christo ponimus unam rem subsistentem tantum, ad cuius integritatem concurrit etiam humanitas, quia unum suppositum est utriusque naturae; ideo oportet dicere quod esse substantiale, quod proprie attribuitur supposito, in Christo est unum tantum; habet autem unitatem ex ipso supposito, et non ex naturis. Si tamen ponatur humanitas a divinitate separari, tunc humanitas suum esse habebit aliud ab esse divino. Non enim impediebat quin proprium esse haberet nisi hoc quod non erat per se subsistens; sicut si arca esset quoddam individuum naturale, ipsa tota non haberet nisi unum esse; quaelibet tamen partium haberet nisi unum esse; quaelibet tamen partium eius ab arca separata proprium esse habebit. Et sic patet quod secundum opinionem secundam oportet dicere quod in Christo est unum esse substantiale, secundum quod esse est suppositi proprie, quamvis sit in eo multiplex esse accidentale.	Therefore, since we only posit one subsisting thing [res] in Christ, to whose completeness his humanity accompanies, since there is one suppositum of both natures, thus we must say that the substantial being which is properly attributed to the suppositum, is only one in Christ, but it has unity from its suppositum, not from the natures. Yet, if it is posited that the humanity is separated from the divinity, then humanity will possess its being other than the divine being: for Christ's humanity was not impeded from having its own being except by the fact that it was not subsisting per se: just as if a box were a kind of natural individual, its whole would have just one being, yet any of its parts separated from the box will have their own being. And in this way it is evident that according to the second opinion [described by Peter Lombard], we must say that there is only one substantial being in Christ, insofar as being is properly of a suppositum, although there is a multiplicity of accidental being in him.
Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod vivere dicit esse quoddam specificatum per speciale essendi principium; et ideo diversitas vitae consequitur diversitatem principiorum vivendi, sed magis respicit ad suppositum subsistens.	Reply 1: Living means a certain specified being through a special principle of being, and thus diversity in a living thing follows upon the diversity of principles of living; but being looks more to the subsisting suppositum.
Ad secundum dicendum, quod operatio suppositi non est de integritate unitatis eius, sed consequitur eius unitatem; unde unius suppositi invenimus multas operationes secundum diversa operationum principia, quae supposito insunt: sicut homo aliud operatur lingua et manu; sed esse est id in quo fundatur unitas suppositi: unde esse multiplex praeiudicat unitati essendi.	Reply 2: The operation of a suppositum is not to do with the integrity of its unity, but follows upon its unity, hence we find many operations of one suppositum according to the diverse principles of the operations which are present in the suppositum, just as a man uses his mouth and his hand differently; but being is that in which the unity of the suppositum is founded, hence multiple being is injurious to unity.
Ad tertium dicendum, quod generatio temporalis terminatur non ad esse suppositi aeterni, ut simpliciter per eam esse incipiat; sed quod incipiat esse suppositum, habens illud esse suppositi humanae naturae.	Reply 3: A temporal generation is not terminated in the being of an eternal suppositum so that it begins to be through it simply, but it begins to be a suppositum possessing that property, [i.e.] to be the suppositum of a human nature.
Ad quartum dicendum, quod obiectio illa procedit de esse quod in actu animae consistit; quia an est, etiam de caecitate quaeri potest.	Reply 4: That objection proceeds from being which consists in an act of the mind, insofar as those things are only said with respect to mental being, since it is also possible to ask "does it exist?" of blindness.

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