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| Deinde considerandum est de gratia miraculorum. Et circa hoc quaeruntur duo. | We must next consider the grace of miracles, under which head there are two points of inquiry: |
| Primo, utrum sit aliqua gratia gratis data faciendi miracula. | (1) Whether there is a gratuitous grace of working miracles? |
| Secundo, quibus conveniat. | (2) To whom is it becoming? |
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| Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod nulla gratia gratis data ordinetur ad miracula facienda. Omnis enim gratia ponit aliquid in eo cui datur. Sed operatio miraculorum non ponit aliquid in anima hominis cui datur, quia etiam ad tactum corporis mortui miracula fiunt; sicut legitur IV Reg. XIII, quod quidam proiecerunt cadaver in sepulcro Elisei, quod cum tetigisset ossa Elisei, revixit homo et stetit super pedes suos. Ergo operatio miraculorum non pertinet ad gratiam gratis datam. | Objection 1: It would seem that no gratuitous grace is directed to the working of miracles. For every grace puts something in the one to whom it is given (Cf. FS, Question [90], Article [1]). Now the working of miracles puts nothing in the soul of the man who receives it since miracles are wrought at the touch even of a dead body. Thus we read (4 Kgs. 13:21) that "some . . . cast the body into the sepulchre of Eliseus. And when it had touched the bones of Eliseus, the man came to life, and stood upon his feet." Therefore the working of miracles does not belong to a gratuitous grace. |
| Praeterea, gratiae gratis datae sunt a spiritu sancto, secundum illud I ad Cor. XII, divisiones gratiarum sunt, idem autem spiritus. Sed operatio miraculorum fit etiam a spiritu immundo, secundum illud Matth. XXIV, surgent pseudochristi et pseudoprophetae, et dabunt signa et prodigia magna. Ergo videtur quod operatio miraculorum non pertineat ad gratiam gratis datam. | Objection 2: Further, the gratuitous graces are from the Holy Ghost, according to 1 Cor. 12:4, "There are diversities of graces, but the same Spirit." Now the working of miracles is effected even by the unclean spirit, according to Mt. 24:24, "There shall arise false Christs and false prophets, and shall show great signs and wonders." Therefore it would seem that the working of miracles does not belong to a gratuitous grace. |
| Praeterea, miracula distinguuntur per signa et prodigia sive portenta, et per virtutes. Inconvenienter ergo ponitur operatio virtutum potius gratia gratis data quam operatio prodigiorum sive signorum. | Objection 3: Further, miracles are divided into "signs," "wonders" or "portents," and "virtues." [*Cf. 2 Thess. 2:9, where the Douay version renders 'virtus' by 'power.' The use of the word 'virtue' in the sense of a miracle is now obsolete, and the generic term 'miracle' is elsewhere used in its stead: Cf. 1 Cor. 12:10,28; Heb. 2:4; Acts 2:22]. Therefore it is unreasonable to reckon the "working of miracles" a gratuitous grace, any more than the "working of signs" and "wonders." |
| Praeterea, miraculosa reparatio sanitatis per divinam virtutem fit. Ergo non debet distingui gratia sanitatum ab operatione virtutum. | Objection 4: Further, the miraculous restoring to health is done by the power of God. Therefore the grace of healing should not be distinguished from the working of miracles. |
| Praeterea, operatio miraculorum consequitur fidem, vel facientis, secundum illud I ad Cor. XIII, si habuero omnem fidem, ita ut montes transferam; sive etiam aliorum, propter quos miracula fiunt, unde dicitur Matth. XIII, et non fecit ibi virtutes multas, propter incredulitatem illorum. Si ergo fides ponitur gratia gratis data, superfluum est praeter hoc ponere aliam gratiam gratis datam operationem signorum. | Objection 5: Further, the working of miracles results from faith—either of the worker, according to 1 Cor. 13:2, "If I should have all faith, so that I could remove mountains," or of other persons for whose sake miracles are wrought, according to Mt. 13:58, "And He wrought not many miracles there, because of their unbelief." Therefore, if faith be reckoned a gratuitous grace, it is superfluous to reckon in addition the working of signs as another gratuitous grace. |
| Sed contra est quod apostolus, I ad Cor. XII, inter alias gratias gratis datas, dicit, alii datur gratia sanitatum, alii operatio virtutum. | On the contrary, The Apostle (1 Cor. 12:9,10) says that among other gratuitous graces, "to another" is given "the grace of healing . . . to another, the working of miracles." |
| Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, spiritus sanctus sufficienter providet Ecclesiae in his quae sunt utilia ad salutem, ad quod ordinantur gratiae gratis datae. Sicut autem oportet quod notitia quam quis divinitus accipit, in notitiam aliorum deducatur per donum linguarum et per gratiam sermonis; ita necesse est quod sermo prolatus confirmetur, ad hoc quod credibilis fiat. Hoc autem fit per operationem miraculorum, secundum illud Marci ult., et sermonem confirmante sequentibus signis. Et hoc rationabiliter. Naturale enim est homini ut veritatem intelligibilem per sensibiles effectus deprehendat. Unde sicut ductu naturalis rationis homo pervenire potest in aliquam Dei notitiam per effectus naturales, ita per aliquos supernaturales effectus, qui miracula dicuntur, in aliquam supernaturalem cognitionem credendorum homo adducitur. Et ideo operatio miraculorum pertinet ad gratiam gratis datam. | I answer that, As stated above (Question [177], Article [1]), the Holy Ghost provides sufficiently for the Church in matters profitable unto salvation, to which purpose the gratuitous graces are directed. Now just as the knowledge which a man receives from God needs to be brought to the knowledge of others through the gift of tongues and the grace of the word, so too the word uttered needs to be confirmed in order that it be rendered credible. This is done by the working of miracles, according to Mk. 16:20, "And confirming the word with signs that followed": and reasonably so. For it is natural to man to arrive at the intelligible truth through its sensible effects. Wherefore just as man led by his natural reason is able to arrive at some knowledge of God through His natural effects, so is he brought to a certain degree of supernatural knowledge of the objects of faith by certain supernatural effects which are called miracles. Therefore the working of miracles belongs to a gratuitous grace. |
| Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut prophetia se extendit ad omnia quae supernaturaliter cognosci possunt, ita operatio virtutum se extendit ad omnia quae supernaturaliter fieri possunt. Quorum quidem causa est divina omnipotentia, quae nulli creaturae communicari potest. Et ideo impossibile est quod principium operandi miracula sit aliqua qualitas habitualiter manens in anima. Sed tamen hoc potest contingere, quod sicut mens prophetae movetur ex inspiratione divina ad aliquid supernaturaliter cognoscendum, ita etiam mens miracula facientis moveatur ad faciendum aliquid ad quod sequitur effectus miraculi, quod Deus sua virtute facit. Quod quandoque quidem fit praecedente oratione, sicut cum Petrus Tabitham mortuam suscitavit, ut habetur Act. IX, quandoque etiam non praecedente manifesta oratione, sed Deo ad nutum hominis operante, sicut Petrus Ananiam et Saphiram mentientes morti increpando tradidit, ut dicitur Act. V. Unde Gregorius dicit, in II Dialog., quod sancti aliquando ex potestate, aliquando exhibent miracula ex postulatione. Utrolibet tamen modo Deus principaliter operatur, qui utitur instrumentaliter vel interiori motu hominis, vel eius locutione, vel etiam aliquo exteriori, actu, seu etiam aliquo contactu corporali corporis, etiam mortui. Unde Iosue X, cum Iosue dixisset, quasi ex potestate, sol, contra Gabaon non movearis, subditur postea, non fuit antea et post tam longa dies, obediente Deo voci hominis. | Reply to Objection 1: Just as prophecy extends to whatever can be known supernaturally, so the working of miracles extends to all things that can be done supernaturally; the cause whereof is the divine omnipotence which cannot be communicated to any creature. Hence it is impossible for the principle of working miracles to be a quality abiding as a habit in the soul. On the other hand, just as the prophet's mind is moved by divine inspiration to know something supernaturally, so too is it possible for the mind of the miracle worker to be moved to do something resulting in the miraculous effect which God causes by His power. Sometimes this takes place after prayer, as when Peter raised to life the dead Tabitha (Acts 9:40): sometimes without any previous prayer being expressed, as when Peter by upbraiding the lying Ananias and Saphira delivered them to death (Acts 5:4,9). Hence Gregory says (Dial. ii, 30) that "the saints work miracles, sometimes by authority, sometimes by prayer." In either case, however, God is the principal worker, for He uses instrumentally either man's inward movement, or his speech, or some outward action, or again the bodily contact of even a dead body. Thus when Josue had said as though authoritatively (Josue 10:12): "Move not, O sun, toward Gabaon," it is said afterwards (Josue 10:14): "There was not before or after so long a day, the Lord obeying the voice of a man." |
| Ad secundum dicendum quod ibi loquitur dominus de miraculis quae fienda sunt tempore Antichristi, de quibus apostolus dicit, II ad Thessal. II, quod adventus Antichristi erit secundum operationem Satanae, in omni virtute et signis et prodigiis mendacibus. Et sicut Augustinus dicit, XX de Civ. Dei, ambigi solet utrum propterea dicta sint signa et prodigia mendacii quoniam mortales sensus per phantasmata decepturus est, ut quod non facit, facere videatur, an quia illa, etiam si erunt vera prodigia, ad mendacium pertrahent. Vera autem dicuntur, quia ipsae res verae erunt, sicut magi Pharaonis fecerunt veras ranas et veros serpentes. Non autem habebunt veram rationem miraculi, quia fient virtute naturalium causarum, sicut in prima parte dictum est. Sed operatio miraculorum quae attribuitur gratiae gratis datae, fit virtute divina, ad hominum utilitatem. | Reply to Objection 2: Our Lord is speaking there of the miracles to be wrought at the time of Antichrist, of which the Apostle says (2 Thess. 2:9) that the coming of Antichrist will be "according to the working of Satan, in all power, and signs, and lying wonders." To quote the words of Augustine (De Civ. Dei xx, 19), "it is a matter of debate whether they are called signs and lying wonders, because he will deceive the senses of mortals by imaginary visions, in that he will seem to do what he does not, or because, though they be real wonders, they will seduce into falsehood them that believe." They are said to be real, because the things themselves will be real, just as Pharaoh's magicians made real frogs and real serpents; but they will not be real miracles, because they will be done by the power of natural causes, as stated in the FP, Question [114], Article [4]; whereas the working of miracles which is ascribed to a gratuitous grace, is done by God's power for man's profit. |
| Ad tertium dicendum quod in miraculis duo possunt attendi. Unum quidem est id quod fit, quod quidem est aliquid excedens facultatem naturae. Et secundum hoc, miracula dicuntur virtutes. Aliud est id propter quod miracula fiunt, scilicet ad manifestandum aliquid supernaturale. Et secundum hoc, communiter dicuntur signa, propter excellentiam autem, dicuntur portenta vel prodigia, quasi procul aliquid ostendentia. | Reply to Objection 3: Two things may be considered in miracles. One is that which is done: this is something surpassing the faculty of nature, and in this respect miracles are called "virtues." The other thing is the purpose for which miracles are wrought, namely the manifestation of something supernatural, and in this respect they are commonly called "signs": but on account of some excellence they receive the name of "wonder" or "prodigy," as showing something from afar [procul]. |
| Ad quartum dicendum quod gratia sanitatum commemoratur seorsum, quia per eam confertur homini aliquod beneficium, scilicet corporalis sanitatis, praeter beneficium commune quod exhibetur in omnibus miraculis, ut scilicet homines adducantur in Dei notitiam. | Reply to Objection 4: The "grace of healing" is mentioned separately, because by its means a benefit, namely bodily health, is conferred on man in addition to the common benefit bestowed in all miracles, namely the bringing of men to the knowledge of God. |
| Ad quintum dicendum quod operatio miraculorum attribuitur fidei propter duo. Primo quidem, quia ordinatur ad fidei confirmationem. Secundo, quia procedit ex Dei omnipotentia, cui fides innititur. Et tamen, sicut praeter gratiam fidei necessaria est gratia sermonis ad fidei instructionem, ita etiam necessaria est operatio miraculorum ad fidei confirmationem. | Reply to Objection 5: The working of miracles is ascribed to faith for two reasons. First, because it is directed to the confirmation of faith, secondly, because it proceeds from God's omnipotence on which faith relies. Nevertheless, just as besides the grace of faith, the grace of the word is necessary that people may be instructed in the faith, so too is the grace of miracles necessary that people may be confirmed in their faith. |
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| Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod mali non possint facere miracula. Miracula enim perpetrantur per orationem, sicut dictum est. Sed oratio peccatoris non est exaudibilis, secundum illud Ioan. IX, scimus quia peccatores Deus non audit. Et Prov. XXVIII dicitur, qui declinat aurem suam ne audiat legem, oratio sua erit execrabilis. Ergo videtur quod mali miracula facere non possint. | Objection 1: It would seem that the wicked cannot work miracles. For miracles are wrought through prayer, as stated above (Article [1], ad 1). Now the prayer of a sinner is not granted, according to Jn. 9:31, "We know that God doth not hear sinners," and Prov. 28:9, "He that turneth away his ear from hearing the law, his prayer shall be an abomination." Therefore it would seem that the wicked cannot work miracles. |
| Praeterea, miracula attribuuntur fidei, secundum illud Matth. XVII, si habueritis fidem sicut granum sinapis, dicetis monti huic, transi hinc, et transibit. Fides autem sine operibus mortua est, ut dicitur Iac. II, et sic non videtur quod habeat propriam operationem. Ergo videtur quod mali, qui non sunt bonorum operum, miracula facere non possunt. | Objection 2: Further, miracles are ascribed to faith, according to Mt. 17:19, "If you have faith as a grain of mustard seed you shall say to this mountain: Remove from hence hither, and it shall remove." Now "faith without works is dead," according to James 2:20, so that, seemingly, it is devoid of its proper operation. Therefore it would seem that the wicked, since they do not good works, cannot work miracles. |
| Praeterea, miracula sunt quaedam divina testimonia, secundum illud Heb. II, contestante Deo signis et portentis et variis virtutibus. Unde et in Ecclesia aliqui canonizantur per testimonia miraculorum. Sed Deus non potest esse testis falsitatis. Ergo videtur quod mali homines non possint miracula facere. | Objection 3: Further, miracles are divine attestations, according to Heb. 2:4, "God also bearing them witness by signs and wonders and divers miracles": wherefore in the Church the canonization of certain persons is based on the attestation of miracles. Now God cannot bear witness to a falsehood. Therefore it would seem that wicked men cannot work miracles. |
| Praeterea, boni sunt Deo coniunctiores quam mali. Sed non omnes boni faciunt miracula. Ergo multo minus mali faciunt. | Objection 4: Further, the good are more closely united to God than the wicked. But the good do not all work miracles. Much less therefore do the wicked. |
| Sed contra est quod apostolus dicit, I ad Cor. XIII, si habuero omnem fidem, ita ut montes transferam, caritatem autem non habuero, nihil sum. Sed quicumque non habet caritatem, est malus, quia hoc solum donum spiritus sancti est quod dividit inter filios regni et filios perditionis, ut Augustinus dicit, XV de Trin. Ergo videtur quod etiam mali possunt miracula facere. | On the contrary, The Apostle says (1 Cor. 13:2): "If I should have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing." Now whosoever has not charity is wicked, because "this gift alone of the Holy Ghost distinguishes the children of the kingdom from the children of perdition," as Augustine says (De Trin. xv, 18). Therefore it would seem that even the wicked can work miracles. |
| Respondeo dicendum quod miraculorum aliqua quidem non sunt vera, sed phantastica facta, quibus scilicet ludificatur homo, ut videatur ei aliquid quod non est. Quaedam vero sunt vera facta, sed non vere habent rationem miraculi, quae fiunt virtute aliquarum naturalium causarum. Et haec duo possunt fieri per Daemones, ut supra dictum est. | I answer that, Some miracles are not true but imaginary deeds, because they delude man by the appearance of that which is not; while others are true deeds, yet they have not the character of a true miracle, because they are done by the power of some natural cause. Both of these can be done by the demons, as stated above (Article [1], ad 2). |
| Sed vera miracula non possunt fieri nisi virtute divina, operatur enim ea Deus ad hominum utilitatem. Et hoc dupliciter, uno quidem modo, ad veritatis praedicatae confirmationem; alio modo, ad demonstrationem sanctitatis alicuius quem Deus vult hominibus proponere in exemplum virtutis. Primo autem modo, miracula possunt fieri per quemcumque qui veram fidem praedicat et nomen Christi invocat, quod etiam interdum per malos fit. Et secundum hunc modum, etiam mali possunt miracula facere. Unde super illud Matth. VII, nonne in nomine tuo prophetavimus etc. dicit Hieronymus, prophetare, vel virtutes facere et Daemonia eiicere, interdum non est eius meriti qui operatur, sed invocatio nominis Christi hoc agit, ut homines Deum honorent, ad cuius invocationem fiunt tanta miracula. | True miracles cannot be wrought save by the power of God, because God works them for man's benefit, and this in two ways: in one way for the confirmation of truth declared, in another way in proof of a person's holiness, which God desires to propose as an example of virtue. In the first way miracles can be wrought by any one who preaches the true faith and calls upon Christ's name, as even the wicked do sometimes. In this way even the wicked can work miracles. Hence Jerome commenting on Mt. 7:22, "Have not we prophesied in Thy name?" says: "Sometimes prophesying, the working of miracles, and the casting out of demons are accorded not to the merit of those who do these things, but to the invoking of Christ's name, that men may honor God, by invoking Whom such great miracles are wrought." |
| Secundo autem modo, non fiunt miracula nisi a sanctis, ad quorum sanctitatem demonstrandam miracula fiunt vel in vita eorum vel etiam post mortem, sive per eos sive per alios. Legitur enim Act. XIX, quod Deus faciebat virtutes per manus Pauli, et etiam desuper languidos deferebantur a corpore eius sudaria, et recedebant ab eis languores. Et sic etiam nihil prohibet per aliquem peccatorem miracula fieri ad invocationem alicuius sancti. Quae tamen miracula non dicitur ille facere, sed ille ad cuius sanctitatem demonstrandam haec fierent. | In the second way miracles are not wrought except by the saints, since it is in proof of their holiness that miracles are wrought during their lifetime or after death, either by themselves or by others. For we read (Acts 19:11,12) that "God wrought by the hand of Paul . . . miracles" and "even there were brought from his body to the sick, handkerchiefs . . . and the diseases departed from them." In this way indeed there is nothing to prevent a sinner from working miracles by invoking a saint; but the miracle is ascribed not to him, but to the one in proof of whose holiness such things are done. |
| Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut supra dictum est, cum de oratione ageretur, oratio in impetrando non innititur merito, sed divinae misericordiae, quae etiam ad malos se extendit. Et ideo etiam quandoque peccatorum oratio a Deo exauditur. Unde Augustinus dicit, super Ioan., quod illud verbum caecus locutus est quasi adhuc inunctus, idest nondum perfecte illuminatus, nam peccatores exaudit Deus. Quod autem dicitur quod oratio non audientis legem est execrabilis, intelligendum est quantum est ex merito peccatoris. Sed interdum impetrat ex misericordia Dei, vel propter salutem eius qui orat, sicut auditus est publicanus, ut dicitur Luc. XVIII; vel etiam propter salutem aliorum et gloriam Dei. | Reply to Objection 1: As stated above (Question [83], Article [16]) when we were treating of prayer, the prayer of impetration relies not on merit but on God's mercy, which extends even to the wicked, wherefore the prayers even of sinners are sometimes granted by God. Hence Augustine says (Tract. xliv in Joan.) that "the blind man spoke these words before he was anointed," that is, before he was perfectly enlightened; "since God does hear sinners." When it is said that the prayer of one who hears not the law is an abomination, this must be understood so far as the sinner's merit is concerned; yet it is sometimes granted, either for the spiritual welfare of the one who prays—as the publican was heard (Lk. 18:14)—or for the good of others and for God's glory. |
| Ad secundum dicendum quod fides sine operibus dicitur esse mortua quantum ad ipsum credentem, qui per eam non vivit vita gratiae. Nihil autem prohibet quod res viva operetur per instrumentum mortuum, sicut homo operatur per baculum. Et hoc modo Deus operatur per fidem hominis peccatoris instrumentaliter. | Reply to Objection 2: Faith without works is said to be dead, as regards the believer, who lives not, by faith, with the life of grace. But nothing hinders a living thing from working through a dead instrument, as a man through a stick. It is thus that God works while employing instrumentally the faith of a sinner. |
| Ad tertium dicendum quod miracula semper sunt vera testimonia eius ad quod inducuntur. Unde a malis qui falsam doctrinam enuntiant, nunquam fiunt vera miracula ad confirmationem suae doctrinae, quamvis quandoque fieri possint ad commendationem nominis Christi, quod invocant, et virtute sacramentorum quae exhibent. Ab his autem qui veram doctrinam enuntiant, fiunt quandoque vera miracula ad confirmationem doctrinae, non autem ad testificationem sanctitatis. Unde Augustinus dicit, in libro octoginta trium quaest., aliter magi faciunt miracula, aliter boni Christiani, aliter mali, magi per privatos contractus cum Daemonibus, boni Christiani per publicam iustitiam, mali Christiani per signa publicae iustitiae. | Reply to Objection 3: Miracles are always true witnesses to the purpose for which they are wrought. Hence wicked men who teach a false doctrine never work true miracles in confirmation of their teaching, although sometimes they may do so in praise of Christ's name which they invoke, and by the power of the sacraments which they administer. If they teach a true doctrine, sometimes they work true miracles as confirming their teaching, but not as an attestation of holiness. Hence Augustine says (Questions. lxxxiii, qu. 79): "Magicians work miracles in one way, good Christians in another, wicked Christians in another. Magicians by private compact with the demons, good Christians by their manifest righteousness, evil Christians by the outward signs of righteousness." |
| Ad quartum dicendum quod, sicut Augustinus ibidem dicit, ideo non omnibus sanctis ista attribuuntur, ne perniciosissimo errore decipiantur infirmi, aestimantes in talibus factis esse maiora dona quam in operibus iustitiae, quibus vita aeterna comparatur. | Reply to Objection 4: As Augustine says (Questions. lxxxiii, qu. 79), "the reason why these are not granted to all holy men is lest by a most baneful error the weak be deceived into thinking such deeds to imply greater gifts than the deeds of righteousness whereby eternal life is obtained." |